Tension Member Theory Slides

Tension Member
THEORY SLIDES
1
Yielding on Gross Area, Ag
Tension Theory 2
Yield on Gross Area
When a member is loaded the strength is limited by the

yielding of the entire cross section.
P=FyA
L0
eyL0 D
Tension Theory 3
Yield on Gross Area
When a member is loaded the strength is limited by the

yielding of the entire cross section.
P=FyA P
D
L
eyL0 D
P
Tension Theory 4
Yield on Gross Area
However, consider how this is affected by the

stress-strain conditions.
Consider L0=100 inch long tension member.
Tension Theory 5
Yield on Gross Area
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
E
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 6
Yield on Gross Area
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(100) = 0.15”
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 7
Yield on Gross Area
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δsh = 0.02(100) = 2”
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(100) = 0.15”
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 8
Yield on Gross Area
Δu = 0.15(100) = 15”
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δsh = 0.02(100) = 2”
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(100) = 0.15”
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 9
Yield on Gross Area
Consider L0 = 100 inch long tension member.
ΔYield = approx. 0.00172(100) = 0.172”

ΔOnset of Strain Hardening = approx. 0.02(100) = 2”
ΔPeak Load = approx. 0.15(100) = 15”
Excessive deformations defines “Failure” for

tension member yielding.
Limit to FyAg.
Tension Theory 10
Rupture on Effective Net Area, Ae
Tension Theory 11
Rupture on Effective Net Area
If holes are included in the cross section

less area resists the tension force.
Bolt holes are larger than the bolt

diameter.
In addition, processes of punching holes

can damage the steel around the
perimeter.
Tension Theory 12
Design typically uses average stress values.
This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.
Pn
Tension Theory 13

Initial stresses will typically include
stress concentrations due to higher
strains at these locations.
Pn
Tension Theory 14
Highest strain locations yield,

then elongate along plastic
plateau while adjacent stresses
increase with additional strain.
Pn
Tension Theory 15
Pn
Eventually at very high strains

the ductility of steel results in
full yielding of the cross
section.
Tension Theory 16
Pn
Therefore average stresses are

typically used in design.
Tension Theory 17
Similarly, bolts and surrounding material will yield prior

to rupture due to the inherent ductility of steel.
Therefore assume each bolt transfers equal force .
Pn
Tension Theory 18
Shear Lag affects members where:

Only a portion of the cross section is connected,
Connection does not have sufficient length.
Tension Theory 19
The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
Bolt line 3 2 1 Cross Section
Tension Theory 20
Pn
Pn
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
Tension Theory 21
Pn/6
Pn
2/3Pn Pn/6
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
Tension Theory 22
Pn/6 Pn/6
Pun
1/3Pn Pun/6 Pn/6
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
Tension Theory 23
Pn/6 Pn/6 Pn/6
Pn
0 Pn/6 Pn/6 Pn/6
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
Tension Theory 24
Bolt line 1 resists Pn in the plate.

Force in plate Bolt line 2 resists 2/3Pn in the plate.
Bolt line 3 resists 1/3Pn in the plate.
P Net area
0 1/3 2/3 Pn
n
reduced by
P n Pn hole area
Tension Theory 25
Consider how this is affected by the stress-strain

conditions.
Consider L0=1 inch diameter holes.
1 inch
Pn
Tension Theory 26
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
E
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 27
Fu
Esh
Fy =
50 ksi
Stress
E Δ = 0.0017(1) = 0.0017”
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 28
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δ = 0.02(1) = 0.02”
Stress
E Δ = 0.0015(1) = 0.0015”
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 29
Δu = 0.15(1) = 0.15”
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δsh = 0.02(1) = 0.02”
Stress
E Δy = 0.0017(1) = 0.0017”
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 30
Consider L0=1 inch hole diameter.
ΔYield = approx. 0.00172(1) = 0.00172”

ΔOnset of Strain Hardening = approx. 0.02(1) = 0.02”
ΔPeak Load = approx. 0.15(1) = 0.15”
Failure at net area can achieve Fu

so long as ductility is available.
Tension Theory 31
For a plate with a typical bolt pattern the rupture plane is shown.
Yield on Ag would occur along the length of the member.
Both failure modes depend on cross-sectional areas.
Rupture failure across
section at lead bolts.
Pn
Yield failure (elongation)

occurs along the length of
the member.
Tension Theory 32
What if holes are not in a line perpendicular to the load?
Need to include
additional length/area Pn
of failure plane due to g
non-perpendicular path.
s
Additional strength depends on:

Geometric length increase
Combination of tension and shear stresses
Combined effect makes a direct calculation difficult.
Tension Theory 33
Boundary of force transfer

into the plate from each bolt.
Pn
As the force is transferred from each bolt it spreads through the

tension member. This is sometimes called the “flow of forces”
Note that the forces from the left 4 bolts act on the full cross
section at the failure plane (bolt line nearest load application).
Tension Theory 34
Now consider a
much wider plate.
Pn
At the rupture plane (right bolts) forces have not engaged the
entire plate.
Tension Theory 35
Rupture Plane
Now consider a
much wider plate.
Pn
At rupture plane (right bolts) forces have not engaged the entire
plate.
Tension Theory 36
Rupture Plane
Portion of member Now consider a
carrying no tension.
much wider plate.
Pn
entire plate.
Tension Theory 37
Rupture Plane
Portion of member Now consider a
carrying no tension.
much wider plate.
Pn
Effective length of
rupture plane
entire plate.
Tension Theory 38
This concept
describes the
Whitmore Section.
30o
Pn
lw= width of
Whitmore Section
30o
Tension Theory 39
Shear Lag
Accounts for distance required for stresses to distribute

from connectors into the full cross section.
Largest influence when
Only a portion of the cross section is connected.
Connection does not have sufficient length.
Tension Theory 40
Shear Lag
Ae = Effective Net Area

An = Net Area
Ae ≠ An Due to Shear Lag
Tension Theory 41
Pn
l= Length of Connection
Tension Theory 42
Pn
Rupture
Plane
Tension Theory 43
Pn
Distribution of
Forces Through
Section
Rupture
Plane
Tension Theory 44
Section Carrying
Tension Forces Pn
Distribution of
Forces Through
Section
Rupture
Plane
Tension Theory 45
Pn
Area not
Effective in
Tension Due to
Shear Lag
Shear lag less

influential when l is
long, or if outstanding
Effective Net leg has minimal area
Area in Tension
or eccentricity
Tension Theory 46
Block Shear
Tension Theory 47
Block Shear
Failure Tears Out Block of Steel
Block defined by:

Center line of holes
Edge of welds
State of Combined Yielding and Rupture
Failure Planes
At least one each in tension and shear.

Tension Theory 48
Block Shear
Typical Examples in Tension Members:
Angle Connected on One Leg
W-Shape Flange Connection
Plate Connection
Tension Theory 49
Block Shear Angle Bolted to Plate
Pn
Pn
Tension Theory 50
Shear plane on Angle
Pn
Tension plane on Angle
Pn
Shear plane on Plate

Tension plane on Plate
(Shorter Dimension Controls if Fy and t are the same)
Tension Theory 51
Pn
Block Failure from Angle

Block Failure From Plate
Pn
Tension Theory 52
Block Shear Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate
Pn
First look at the W-Shape, then the plate
Tension Theory 53
Bolted to Plate
Shear planes on W-Shape
Pn
Tension planes on W-Shape
Tension Theory 54
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Block Failure in W-Shape
Tension Theory 55
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Pn
Tension Theory 56
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Shear planes on Plate

Tension planes on Plate
Pn

Tension Theory 57
Flange of W-Shape
Block Shear
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Block Failure in Plate
Pn
Block Failure in Plate

Tension Theory 58
Block Shear Angle or Plate Welded to Plate
Pn
Weld around the perimeter
Two Block Shear Failures to Check
Tension Theory 59
Pn
Pn
Tension Theory 60
Pn
Shear plane on Plate
Pn

Tension Theory 61
Pn
Block Failure From Plate
Pn
Tension Theory 62
Bearing at Bolt Holes
Tension Theory 63
Bolts bear into material around hole.
Direct bearing can deform the bolt hole an

excessive amount and be limited by direct
bearing capacity.
If the clear space to adjacent hole or edge

distance is small, capacity may be limited by
tearing out a section of base material at the
bolt.
Tension Theory 64
Bolt
Pn
Bolt induces bearing

stresses on the base
material.
Tension Theory 65
Bolt
Pn
Which can result in excessive

deformation of the bolt hole,
Tension Theory 66
Lc
Bolt
Pn
When bearing stresses act on bolts

that are near the edge of the
material (Lc dimension is small).
Lc= clear distance, in the direction of load, between the edge of the
hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or the edge of the material.
Tension Theory 67
Pn
A block of material can tear out to

the plate edge due to bearing.
Tension Theory 68
Lc
Bolt
Pn
Similarly, when bearing stresses

act on bolts that are closely spaced
(Lc dimension is small).
Tension Theory 69
Pn
A block of material can tear out

between the bolt holes due to
bearing stresses.
Tension Theory 70

Tension Member Theory Slides

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Tension Member Theory Slides

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Tension Member

When a member is loaded the strength is limited by the

When a member is loaded the strength is limited by the

However, consider how this is affected by the

Consider L0=100 inch long tension member.

Consider L0 = 100 inch long tension member.

ΔYield = approx. 0.00172(100) = 0.172”

Excessive deformations defines “Failure” for

If holes are included in the cross section

Bolt holes are larger than the bolt

In addition, processes of punching holes

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Highest strain locations yield,

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Eventually at very high strains

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Therefore average stresses are

Similarly, bolts and surrounding material will yield prior

Shear Lag affects members where:

Bolt line 1 resists Pn in the plate.

Consider how this is affected by the stress-strain

Consider L0=1 inch diameter holes.

Consider L0=1 inch hole diameter.

ΔYield = approx. 0.00172(1) = 0.00172”

Failure at net area can achieve Fu

Yield failure (elongation)

What if holes are not in a line perpendicular to the load?

Additional strength depends on:

Boundary of force transfer

As the force is transferred from each bolt it spreads through the

Accounts for distance required for stresses to distribute

Largest influence when

Only a portion of the cross section is connected.

Connection does not have sufficient length.

Ae = Effective Net Area

Shear lag less

Failure Tears Out Block of Steel

Block defined by:

State of Combined Yielding and Rupture

At least one each in tension and shear.

Typical Examples in Tension Members:

Angle Connected on One Leg

W-Shape Flange Connection

Tension plane on Angle

Shear plane on Plate

Block Failure from Angle

First look at the W-Shape, then the plate

Tension planes on W-Shape

First look at the W-Shape, then the plate

Block Failure in W-Shape

First look at the W-Shape, then the plate

Shear planes on Plate

Shear planes on Plate

Block Failure in Plate

Block Failure in Plate

Weld around the perimeter