Monthly Report

August 2022
Protection Engineer OJT
Training Program

Done By: Idris AlBrashdi

Protection Engineer Trainee
 Introduction

This report is a monthly report about my progress which is reported to Mr. Rajendran, the general
manager (GM) at Al Zawawi PowerTech Engineering Company (ZPTE), to Mr. Sulaiman
Almamari, the training manager at ZPTE and to Mr. Basker, the senior test engineer at ZPTE.
It is a summary and a technical report about new knowledge and experiences that I had got during
my training under the program: Protection Engineer OJT Training Program. This program is
conducted and it is supervised by Petroleum Development Oman Company (PDO).
This shift is shift number six in our training program. The shift duration was two weeks from
25/08/2022 to 08/09/2022. The training location now is in Yibal site, one of PDO sites.
The report is divided into four sections:
 Introduction
 Theory Section
 Practical Section
 Up-normal Event

Note: All information related to PDO system which is mentioned in this report is confidential and
it is the exclusive property of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). Therefore, it should not be
shared or used for other than the reason of which it was written.
 Section 1: Theory

1.1 Distance Protection

Principle
The basic principle of distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the relaying point
by the measured current. The apparent impedance so calculated is compared with the reach point
impedance. If the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is assumed that a
fault exists on the line between the relay and the reach point since the impedance of a transmission
line is proportional to its length.

Why there are zones?

To determine the exact location of the fault.
Due to errors in the current and voltage transformers, inaccuracies in line impedance data provided
for setting purposes and errors of relay setting and measurement.

Zone 1 does not cover the entire length of the primary line because it is difficult to differentiate
between faults which are close to the bus at the end of the line. In other words, if a fault is close to
bus, relay cannot ascertain if it is on the primary line, bus or on back up line.
Relays usually have a reach setting of up to 80% of the protected line impedance for instantaneous
Zone 1 protection. The resulting 20% safety margin ensures that there is no risk of the Zone 1
protection over-reaching the protected line. Zone 2 of the distance protection will cover the
remaining 20% of the line.

Zone Settings According to PDO Standard Delay

Zone 1 80 % Instantaneous
Zone 2 120 % 250ms
Zone 3 120 % + Longest line from remote substation 1s
Zone 4 “Reverse direction” 1s
25% of Zone-1 for protected line length <30km
10% of Zone-1 for protected line length <=30km
1.2 Short Circuit Calculation

A short-circuit study is an analysis of an electrical system that determines the magnitude

of the currents that flow during an electrical fault. Comparing these calculated values
against the equipment ratings is the first step to ensuring that the power system is safely
protected. Once the expected short-circuit currents are known, a protection coordination
study is performed to determine the optimum characteristics, ratings and settings of the
power system protective devices.
These short circuit studies are performed using power system software as per IEEE
standards. For larger systems, these short circuit calculations to be performed for both
switch gear ratings and relay settings. Knowledge of the computational methods of power
system analysis is essential to engineers responsible for planning, design, operation, and
troubleshooting of distribution systems.
Short circuit analysis essentially consists of determining the steady state solution of a linear
network with balanced three phase excitation. Such an analysis provides currents and
voltages in a power system during the faulted condition. This information is needed to
determine the required interrupting capacity of the circuit breakers and to design proper
relaying system. To get enough information, different types of faults are simulated at
different locations and the study is repeated. Normally in the short circuit analysis, all the
shunt parameters like loads, lime charging admittances are neglected. Then the linear
network that has to be solved comprises of:
- Transmission network
- Generator system
- Fault

The example below is only to show the procedure and to give a better understanding. However,
short circuit studies for real systems are done by softwares as mention above. The solution method
which is used in the example is Per Unit Method.

Laws:

𝑍𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. =
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
(𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 )2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑 × 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑤 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
𝑆𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Assume 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑍𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = = = 0.2 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑆𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 500 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑 × 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 100
𝑋𝑇1 = = 0.1 × = 0.667 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑜𝑙𝑑 15
𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑 × 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 100
𝑋𝑇2 = = 0.05 × = 5 𝑝. 𝑢.
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑜𝑙𝑑 1

For fault occurring on 6.6 kV Bus (f1):

Z = 0.2 + 0.667 = 0.867 p.u.
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = → 𝑆𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = =
𝑆𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑍𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 0.867
= 115.34 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆 115.34 𝑀𝑉𝐴
I𝑓1 = = = 10 𝑘𝐴
√3 × 𝑉 √3 × 6.6 𝑘𝑉

For fault occurring on 400 V Bus (f2):

Z = 0.2 + 0.667 + 5 = 5.867 p.u.
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = = = 17 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 5.867
𝑆 17 𝑀𝑉𝐴
I𝑓2 = = = 24.5 𝑘𝐴
√3 × 𝑉 √3 × 400 𝑉
 Section 2: Practical

2.1 End to End Test

Event: End to End Test for the line which is linking Yibal-2 and Talliah stations.
Date: 31/08/2022
Time: From 14:00 to 17:00 approximately duration is 3 hours
The Company that did the Test:
Al-Zawawi PowerTech Engineering L.L.C “Our Company”
We were lucky to attend this test with present of test engineers from ZPTE like Engr. Basker and
Engr. Ramish. Engr. Basker was in Talliah side and Engr. Ramish was in Yibal side.
End-to-end testing is the evaluation of a relay protection scheme by simulating fault conditions
simultaneously at both ends of the transmission line to ensure that the scheme works as intended.
End-to-end testing usually performs many different test cases simulating faults at various locations
along and around the transmission line using a mix of the most common fault types (Phase to
Neutral, Phase to phase, and three-phase). Some additional test cases are performed outside the
protected zone also to ensure that the relay will not trip. It is essential for the test systems at each
of the lines to be synchronized so that the test currents can be injected into all of the relay terminals
simultaneously.
In simple words, end to end test checks the healthiness and the performance of the communication
channel.
2.2 Energizing of 132kV (YIB-2) TO (GTLA) OHL & (LKCP) TO (GTLA)
OHL
Event: Commissioning and normalizing of 132 KV OHL which is linked between Yibal-
2 and Talliah & 132kV OHL which is linked between Talliah and Lekhwair.
Date: 01/09/2022
Duration: Approximately 6 hours and 37 minutes (09:50 – 16:27)
Line Length: around 114 km from Yibal-2 to Lekhwair CCGT

 This action must have Electrical Switching Program in order to be conducted.

 Electrical Switching Program should be approved by Control Person (PDO Stuff).
 Before starting the switching, RFCC (Request For Commissioning Certificate) should be
issued.
2.3 O/C & E/F Relay Test
After putting the settings and making the programmable scheme logic (PSL), we can send
the setting files from the laptop to the relay using MICOM S1 Agile software to be ready
for the test. Until here, the relay is ready for the test. (Note: we can later send any
changes in settings depending on what we want to test)
Step#1: Open Test Universe Software
- From home page, choose: New test Document.
- Double click on “Test Object” to set the Device Settings. (The Device here is the
relay so we need to enter the relay specification)
- The figure below shows the device settings that we did for ALSTOM P143 relay.

Step#2: Hardware Configuration

- This step configure the inputs and outputs (Analog/binary) of CMC356.
- Figures below show the configuration that we did for our test.
Step#3: Check the Connection by Sending a Signal
By using “State Sequencer” module, send a signal of opening and closing circuit breaker
and see the indication in the relay to check the connection and the communication is ok
or not.

Step#4: Measurement Checks

Inject current and/or voltage from CMC356 to the relay and compare between injected
value and displayed value in the relay to check the CT and VT ratio and to check the
accuracy of the relay.

Step#5: Testing of O/C & E/F protection

Pickup & Drop off Characteristics:
IPickup = (ISetting * 1.05) ± (ISetting * 1.05 * 0.05) According to relay manual
IDropOff = (ISetting * 0.98) ± (ISetting * 0.98 * 0.05)
O/C protection: ISetting = 1 A
0.9975 < IPickup < 1.1025
0.931 < IDropOff < 1.029

E/F protection: ISetting = 0.2 A

0.1995 < IPickup < 0.2205
0.1862 < IDropOff < 0.2058
 - Using “Quick CMC” model.
- In case of pickup, CMC356 will increase the current automatically as set until the
relay pick up the fault then CMC356 will stop. The starting current value should be
below the relay setting value.
- In case of drop off, the starting current value should be above the relay setting value
so that the relay in pick up condition from the beginning. The tester will decrease
the current manually and observe when the current will drop off.

Timing Test:
- As the current increase, tripping time will decrease.
- There are many curves that are used in O/C & E/F such as: Definite Time (DT),
Standard Inverse (SI), Extremely Inverse (EI) and IDMT.
- We used Extremely Inverse curve for O/C protection.
- We used Standard Inverse curve for E/F protection.
 Section 3: Up-Normal Event

3.1 Black Out In the North Governorates

In Monday 05/09/2022, fault occurred in main grid of OETC leaded to black out in the
north. Since PDO and OETC networks are connected to each other, PDO network effected
by that fault. However, once the fault occurred, the circuit breaker from OETC side opened
so that prevent the consequences on PDO network.
During the black out, PDO stuff were try to feed OETC network by more power. They
entered a Frame 9 generator to the grid which can feed the grid by 100 MW. In addition,
there were trying with a frame 6 generator which is located in Lekhwair. Unfortunately,
they could not due to a problem in synchronization between the generator and the grid.