TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA

KHOA CƠ KHÍ
BỘ MÔN CƠ ĐIỆN TỬ

CẢM BIẾN
CÔNG NGHIỆP
(Dành cho sinh viên convenzione
Firma ngành Kỹ thuật Cơ điện tử)
Politecnico diNăm
Milano e Veneranda
học 2022 – 2023
Fabbrica
del Duomo di Milano
Aula Magna – Rettorato
TS.
Mercoledì 27 maggio Đặng Phước Vinh
2015

Email: dpvinh@dut.udn.vn
 Chapter 6
Velocity
& Accelerometer
Firma convenzione
Politecnico di Milano e Veneranda Fabbrica

Sensordel Duomo di Milano

Aula Magna – Rettorato
Mercoledì 27 maggio 2015
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Velocity transducer

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Velocity transducer

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Velocity Transducer
▪ The north pole of the magnet induces a current in one coil,
while the south pole induces a current in the other coil
▪ The two coils are connected in a series opposite direction to
obtain an output proportional to the magnet’s velocity
▪ This design is very similar to an LVDT position sensor, except
that LVDT is an active sensor with a moving ferromagnetic
core, while the velocity sensor is a passive device with a
moving permanent magnet.
▪ Current generating device → no need an excitation signal
▪ Velocity sensors detected velocity along a distance that is
limited by the size of the sensor → measure vibration speed

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Piezo-Velocity Sensor
The shaft transmits vibration to the housing with little
damping, i.e. the vibration amplitudes in the housing are high

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Piezo-Velocity Sensor

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Piezo-Velocity Sensor

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ABS wheel speed sensor

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ABS System

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ABS wheel speed sensor

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ABS wheel speed sensor

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Speed sensor - Toyota

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ABS wheel speed sensor

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ABS wheel speed sensor

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ABS wheel speed sensor

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Encoder

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Encoder

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Encoder in motor

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Encoder – Price

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Potentionmeter - Encoder
1. Potentiometer produces a sufficient amount of output without using
the amplifier.
2. Potentiometer can be wired with 3 terminals. Simple wiring.
3. Potentiometer is easy to install. For encoder,
even a slight misalignment of the shaft
causes the decrease of accuracy and increase
of hysteresis.
4. Potentiometer is smaller in size and has a
superior ability in measuring narrow angles.
5. The unit cost of potentiometer and
accompanying circuits are inexpensive.
6. Low current consumption
7. Shorter lead-time

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Speed radar/lidar gun

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Speed radar/lidar gun
▪ The most common police speed
measuring devices are
RADAR and LIDAR.
▪ Laser RADARs or LIDARs were
introduced in the early 1990s

1. Speed RADAR gun: use microwave

→ Doppler effect
2. Speed LIDAR gun: use light radiation
→ operation as an ultrasonic sensor
Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
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Speed radar/lidar gun

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Cosine effect
▪ The angle between the RADAR or LIDAR and target must be
small for an accurate speed measurement.
▪ The angle is called Cosine Effect angle because measured
speed is directly proportional to the cosine of this angle.
▪ The larger the angle the lower the measured speed.

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Cosine effect
▪ As a target approaches a radar the cosine angle gets
larger, and gets larger faster. Speed drops faster.

▪ When speed drops too fast the radar/lidar loses track

and the target is in the radar's Blind Zone.

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Cosine effect

The radar should be located as close to the road as

practical to minimize cosine effect errors and limitations.

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Detection range
▪ Target detection range depends
on radar frequency and power,
angle to target, antenna factors,
and weather.

▪ Larger targets will be detected

at longer ranges.

▪ Target size, shape, and

reflectivity effect radar
detection range.

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Doppler effect

▪ Doppler effect was found by

an Austrian physicist Christian
Doppler 1842

▪ Change in frequency of
a wave in relation to
an observer who is moving
relative to the wave source

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Doppler effect

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Doppler effect

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Doppler effect
Long wavelength Small wavelength
Low Frequency High Frequency

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Doppler effect

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Speed RADAR gun
▪ Gun creates a microwave with frequency of f0
▪ Gun receives a microwave with frequency of f1
1
▪ f1 = f0 𝑣
1+ Calculate speed of vehicle
𝑐
▪ c = 340 m/s

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Speed LIDAR gun

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Speed gun

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Traffic camera

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Traffic camera

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Traffic camera

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Traffic camera

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Traffic camera

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Speed gun - Price

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Speed gun - Price

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Speed gun - Price

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Radar vs. Lidar
Radar Lidar
Operation Stationary or Moving Stationary only
Aim Easy Aim Exact Aim
Continuous
Transmit Instant-on only
or Instant-on
Traffic Conditions Light to Moderate Light to Dense
Range Short or Long Range Short Range
Speed Speed
Measures
(some measure 2 targets) and Range

Location Inside/Outside Patrol Car Outside Patrol Car

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Accelerometer

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Vibration measurement

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Vibration measurement

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Vibration measurement

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Vibration measurement

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Vibration measurement

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Example of resonance

▪ Tacoma Narrows bridge,

USA 7/11/1940
▪ Wind: 68 km/h
▪ Vibration amplitude of
0,9 m
▪ When amp. reached 8m
→ Collapsing

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Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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Example of resonance
Broughton bridge, England 12/4/1831

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Example of resonance
Jaime Vendera is known for filming MythBusters, where he
shattered a wine glass using his voice

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Natural frequency

Piezo-electric
accelerometers
Sens. 10.2 mV/(m/s2)

Impact hammer
PCB 086C03
Sens. 2.25 mV/N

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NI 9234 Device

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Natural frequency

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Đo tần số riêng

Dr. Dang Phuoc Vinh Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

the END !
Firma convenzione
Politecnico di Milano e Veneranda Fabbrica
del Duomo di Milano
Aula Magna – Rettorato
Mercoledì 27 maggio 2015