Past year QMP exam papers

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 2

Question A4
An ideal Carnot power cycle is designed to operate between
two temperature of 300 K and 750 K.
What is the thermal efficiency of this cycle?
a. 40 %
b. 50 %
c. 60 %
d. 70 %
e. None of the above answers is correct

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 3

Question A4
An ideal Carnot power cycle is designed to operate between
two temperature of 300 K and 750 K.
What is the thermal efficiency of this cycle?
a. 40 %
𝑇𝐶
b. 50 % 𝜂 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 −
𝑇𝐻
c. 60 %
300
d. 70 % 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 − = 0.6
750
e. None of the above answers is correct

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 4

Question A1
What is the entropy of steam at 8 bar and 450°C:
a. 3.042 kJ/(kg K)
b. 6.663 kJ/(kg K)
c. 7.723 kJ/(kg K)
d. 7.617 kJ/(kg K)
e. None of the above answers is correct

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 5

Question A1
What is the entropy of steam at 8 bar and 450°C:

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 6

Question A1
What is the entropy of steam at 8 bar and 450°C:
a. 3.042 kJ/(kg K)
b. 6.663 kJ/(kg K)
c. 7.723 kJ/(kg K)
d. 7.617 kJ/(kg K)
e. None of the above answers is correct

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 7

Question B3
A steam plant is burning natural gas to operate. The
steam leaving the boiler is superheated at a
pressure of 1.55 MPa and it exhausts from the
turbine at pressure of 7.38 kPa.
The full steam cycle (simple Rankine cycle) is shown
on the p-h diagram for water including relevant
points (Figure B4).
The steam mass flow rate is estimated to 0.50 kg/s
(1800 kg/h).
a) What is the heat rate input in the boiler?
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
Figure B4

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 8

Question B3

𝑝6,1,2,3 = 1.55 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑝4,5 = 7.38 𝑘𝑃𝑎

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps Figure B4 9

Question B3
A steam plant is burning natural gas to operate. The steam leaving the boiler is superheated
at a pressure of 1.55 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at pressure of 7.38 kPa. The full
steam cycle (simple Rankine cycle) is shown on the p-h diagram for water including relevant points. The steam mass
flow rate is estimated to 0.50 kg/s (1800 kg/h).
a) What is the heat rate input in the boiler?

𝑄ሶ 𝐻 = 𝑚ሶ ∙ 𝑞𝐻 = 𝑚ሶ ∙ (ℎ3 − ℎ6 )

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 ≈ 3100 ൗ𝑘𝑔
From the graph
𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 ≈ 250 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑄ሶ 𝐻 = 0.5 ∙ 3100 − 250 = 1425 kW

1430 kW within ± 10 kW is considered correct

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 10

Question B3
A steam plant is burning natural gas to operate. The steam leaving the boiler is superheated
at a pressure of 1.55 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at pressure of 7.38 kPa. The full
steam cycle (simple Rankine cycle) is shown on the p-h diagram for water including relevant points. The steam mass
flow rate is estimated to 0.50 kg/s (1800 kg/h).
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑤𝑇 = ℎ3 −ℎ4
𝑤𝑇
𝜂=
𝑞𝐻
𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 ≈ 3100 ൗ𝑘𝑔
From the graph
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 ≈ 2200 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑇 ℎ3 −ℎ4 3100 − 2200

𝜂= = = = 0.316
𝑞𝐻 ℎ3 −ℎ6 3100 − 250

30% within ± 2.5% is considered correct

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 11
Question B4
VARIANT B4.1
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises
its pressure to 10 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes
through a reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By
neglecting the work of the pump:
a) What is the specific heat input in the boiler?
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 12

Question B4.1
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 10 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
a) What is the specific heat input in the boiler?
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 ≈ ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = ℎ (10 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 3052 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 ≈ ℎ4 = ℎ 𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 = 3052 − 340 = 2712 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 13

Question B4.1
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 10 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑤𝑇 𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2𝑎 −ℎ3
𝜂=
𝑞𝐻

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = ℎ (10 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 3052 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠2𝑎 = 𝑠 (10 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 7.124 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine: 𝑠 3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 7.124 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 14

Question B4.1
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 10 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine: 𝑠 3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 7.124 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠3 = 7.124 ൗ𝑘𝑔 < 𝑠𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.124 − 1.091

𝑥3 = = = 0.928
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.502

ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 340 + 0.928 ∙ 2305 = 2479.04 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 15

Question B4.1
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 10 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = 3052 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑇 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= = ℎ3 = 2479.04 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝐻 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 3052 − 2479.04

𝜂= = = 0.21
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 3052 − 340

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 16

Question B4
VARIANT B4.2
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises
its pressure to 30 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes
through a reversible and adiabatic that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By
neglecting the work of the pump:
a) What is the specific heat input in the boiler?
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 17

Question B4.2
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 30 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
a) What is the specific heat input in the boiler?
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 ≈ ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = ℎ (30 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 2995 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 ≈ ℎ4 = ℎ 𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 = 2995 − 340 = 2655 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 18

Question B4.2
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 30 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑤𝑇 𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2𝑎 −ℎ3
𝜂=
𝑞𝐻

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = ℎ (30 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 2995 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠2𝑎 = 𝑠 (30 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 6.541 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine: 𝑠 3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 6.541 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 19

Question B4.2
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 30 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine: 𝑠 3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 6.541 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠3 = 6.541 ൗ𝑘𝑔 < 𝑠𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.541 − 1.091

𝑥3 = = = 0.838
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.502

ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 340 + 0.838 ∙ 2305 = 2271.59 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 20

Question B4.2
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 30 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = 2995 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑇 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= = ℎ3 = 2271.59 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝐻 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 2995 − 2271.59

𝜂= = = 0.27
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 2995 − 340

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 21

Question B4
VARIANT B4.3
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises
its pressure to 50 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes
through a reversible and adiabatic that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By
neglecting the work of the pump:
a) What is the specific heat input in the boiler?
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 22

Question B4.3
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 50 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
a) What is the specific heat input in the boiler?
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 ≈ ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = ℎ (50 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 2927 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 ≈ ℎ4 = ℎ 𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐻 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 = 2995 − 340 = 2587 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 23

Question B4.3
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 50 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑤𝑇 𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2𝑎 −ℎ3
𝜂=
𝑞𝐻

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = ℎ (50 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 2927 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠2𝑎 = 𝑠 (50 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 300℃) = 6.212 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine: 𝑠 3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 6.212 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 24

Question B4.3
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 50 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine: 𝑠 3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 6.212 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠3 = 6.212 ൗ𝑘𝑔 < 𝑠𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.212 − 1.091

𝑥3 = = = 0.788
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.502

ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 340 + 0.788 ∙ 2305 = 2155.43 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 25

Question B4.3
In a small steam plant, saturated water is passing through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 50 bar. After boiling, it is superheated to 300oC and then passes through a
reversible and adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. By neglecting the work of the pump:
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = 2927 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑇 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= = ℎ3 = 2155.43 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝐻 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 2927 − 2155.43

𝜂= = = 0.30
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 2927 − 340

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 26

 Other examples

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 27

Example 1

Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot
cycle using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 28

 Example 1
Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot cycle
using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

6
ቊ3.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3.4 ∙ 10 𝑃𝑎 = 34 𝑏𝑎𝑟
3 105 𝑃𝑎 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 5 ∙ 10 𝑃𝑎 = 0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇12 = 𝑇𝑠(34 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 240.9℃ = 513.9 𝐾

𝑇𝐶 = 𝑇34 = 𝑇𝑠(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 32.9℃ = 305.9 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 29

Example 1
Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot cycle
using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

From the steam tables:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓 (34 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 1042 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑓 (34 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 2.710 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑔 (34 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 2803 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑔 (34 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 6.136 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑠4 = 𝑠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠3 = 𝑠2

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 30

Example 1
Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot cycle
using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.136 − 0.476

𝑥3 = = = = 0.715
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.918
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑓(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 2.710 − 0.476
𝑥4 = = = = 0.282
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.918

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 31

Example 1
Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot cycle
using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 138 + 0.715 ∙ 2423 = 1870 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓(0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥4 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 138 + 0.282 ∙ 2423 = 821 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 32

Example 1
Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot cycle
using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐴 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 2803 − 1042 = 1761 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐵 = ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 1870 − 821 = 1049 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 2803 − 1870 = 933 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝐶 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 = 1042 − 821 = 221 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 33

Example 1
Calculate the heat and work transfers, cycle efficiency and work ratio of a Carnot cycle
using steam between pressures of 3.4 MPa and 5 kPa.

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝐶 =

𝑘𝐽
= 933 − 221 = 712 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇34
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = or 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 −
𝑞𝐴 𝑇12
712 305.9
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = =1− = 0.4
1761 513.9

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 712
𝑟𝑤 = = = 0.76
𝑤𝑇 933

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 34

Example 2

A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle.

On leaving the boiler the steam is superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it
exhausts from the turbine at a pressure of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742.
Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 35

Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
2a
Pressures:
10 𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟 0.1 bar (turbine exit)
10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 2 74.2% dryness
3
100 bar
1
(in boiler)

4
Simple steam plant layout (Rankine Cycle)
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 36
Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 37

Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3

Point 3:
𝑝 = 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑥3 = 0.742

𝑠3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 𝑠4 + 𝑥3 ∙ 𝑠𝑓𝑔(𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 4&3) =

= 𝑠𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ 𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) =
𝑘𝐽
= 0.649 + 0.742 ∙ 7.5 = 6.213 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 38
Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 192 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 4&3 =

= ℎ𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =
𝑘𝐽
= 192 + 0.742 ∙ 2392 = 1967 ൗ𝑘𝑔
Point 2a:
𝑝2𝑎 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Tables!
𝑘𝐽
𝑠2𝑎 = 6.213 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 39

Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
𝑘𝐽
𝑠3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 6.213 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = 3097 ൗ𝑘𝑔
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 40
Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑇 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 = 3097 − 1967 = 1130 ൗ𝑘𝑔

Feed pump:
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ5 − ℎ4 ≈ 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4 =
= 𝑣𝑓(𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 100−0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4
𝑣𝑓(100 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
2
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 41
Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟

0.1 − 0.006112 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) − 0.1 3

= ∙ 10−2 → 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 0.1004 ∙ 10−2 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔
1.01325 − 0.006112 0.1044 − 0.1

100 − 85.92 𝑣𝑓(100 𝑏𝑎𝑟) − 0.1404 3

= ∙ 10−2 → 𝑣𝑓(100 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 0.1464 ∙ 10−2 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔
165.4 − 85.92 0.1741 − 0.1404
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 42
Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
𝑣𝑓(100 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
Feed pump: 2
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ5 − ℎ4 ≈ 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4 =
= 𝑣𝑓(𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 100−0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4

0.1004 + 0.1464
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ∙ 10−2 ∙ 107 − 104 =
2
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 12327.66 ൗ𝑘𝑔 = 12.33 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 43

Example 2
A steam plant operates on a simple Rankine cycle. On leaving the boiler the steam is
superheated at a pressure of 10 MPa and it exhausts from the turbine at a pressure
of 10 kPa and a dryness fraction of 0.742. Find the work done by the turbine, the feed pump work, the heat input
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Boiler:
𝑞52𝑎 = ∆ℎ2𝑎5 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝑘𝐽
= 3097 − 192 + 12.33 = 2892.67 ൗ𝑘𝑔

Cycle efficiency:
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 1130 − 12.33
𝜂= = = = 0.386
𝑞𝐻 𝑞2𝑎5 2892.67

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 44

Example 2

Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when
it operates:
a) Under the conditions of question 2 (10 MPa and 400°C)
b) Steam leaves the boiler at 10 MPa and 500°C
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
For parts (b) and (c) assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 45

Example 2a
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
a) Under the conditions of question 2 (10 MPa and 400°C)

𝑝2𝑎 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑇2𝑎 = 400℃
𝜂 = 0.386

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 46

Example 2b
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
b) Steam leaves the boiler at 10 MPa and 500°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

Point 2a:
𝑝2𝑎 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇2𝑎 = 500℃
500oC 2a
From tables:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = 3373 ൗ𝑘𝑔 1 2
5
𝑘𝐽
𝑠2𝑎 = 6.596 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
4 3
𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine expansion: 𝑠3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 6.596 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 47
Example 2b
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
b) Steam leaves the boiler at 10 MPa and 500°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠3 = 6.596 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 8.149 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Point 3: 500oC 2a
𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.596 − 0.649
𝑥3 = = = 0.793
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.5
1 2
5
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 10 kPa

𝑘𝐽 4 3
= 192 + 0.793 ∙ 2392 = 2089 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 48

Example 2b
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
b) Steam leaves the boiler at 10 MPa and 500°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂=
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 − 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
500oC 2a
𝑘𝐽
= 3373 − 2089 − 12.33 = 1272 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 1 2

𝑘𝐽 5 10 kPa
= 3373 − (192 + 12.33) = 3168.67 ൗ𝑘𝑔
4 3
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 1272
𝜂= = = 0.4
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3168.67
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 49
Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

Point 2a:
𝑝2𝑎 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 200 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇2𝑎 = 400℃
2a
400oC
From tables: 20 MPa
1 2
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2𝑎 = 2819 ൗ𝑘𝑔 5
𝑘𝐽 10 kPa
𝑠2𝑎 = 5.556 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
4 3
𝑘𝐽
Isentropic turbine expansion: 𝑠3 = 𝑠2𝑎 = 5.556 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 50
Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠3 = 5.556 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 8.149 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Point 3: 2a
𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 5.556 − 0.649 400oC
20 MPa
𝑥3 = = = 0.654 1 2
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.5
5
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥3 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 10 kPa

𝑘𝐽 4 3
= 192 + 0.654 ∙ 2392 = 1756.37 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 51

Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂=
𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ3 − 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝑘𝐽 2a
= 2819 − 1756.37 − 12.33 = 1050.3 ൗ𝑘𝑔 400oC
20 MPa
1 2
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 5
10 kPa
New 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ! 4 3

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 52

Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

Feed pump:
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ5 − ℎ4 ≈ 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4 =
= 𝑣𝑓(𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 200−0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4 2a
400oC
20 MPa
1 2
5
𝑣𝑓(200 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 10 kPa

2 4 3

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 53

Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.
0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 200 𝑏𝑎𝑟

0.1 − 0.006112 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) − 0.1 3

= ∙ 10−2 → 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 0.1004 ∙ 10−2 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔
1.01325 − 0.006112 0.1044 − 0.1

200 − 165.4 𝑣𝑓(200 𝑏𝑎𝑟) − 0.1741 3

= ∙ 10−2 → 𝑣𝑓(200 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 0.2627 ∙ 10−2 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔
221.2 − 165.4 0.317 − 0.1741
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 54
Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa. 𝑣𝑓(200 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
2
Feed pump:
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ5 − ℎ4 ≈ 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4 =
= 𝑣𝑓(𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 200−0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) ∙ 𝑝5 − 𝑝4 2a
400oC
20 MPa
1 2
0.1004 + 0.2627 5
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ∙ 10−2 ∙ 2 ∙ 107 − 104 = 10 kPa
2
𝐽 𝑘𝐽 4 3
= 36292 ൗ𝑘𝑔 = 36.29 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 55

Example 2c
Compare the cycle efficiencies of the steam plant of the previous question when it operates:
c) Steam leaves the boiler at 20 MPa and 400°C
Assume the steam still exhausts from the turbine at 10 kPa.

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂=
𝑞𝑖𝑛

𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ5 = ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 2a

𝑘𝐽 400oC
20 MPa
= 2819 − 192 + 36.29 = 2590.71 ൗ𝑘𝑔
1 2
5
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 1050.3 10 kPa
𝜂= = = 0.41
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2590.71 4 3

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 56

Example 3

A steam power plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The steam enters the
high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a
pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low-pressure
turbine is not to exceed 10.4 %, determine:
a) The pressure at which the steam should be reheated
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine.
Assume that both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic, there are no pressure
drops in the boiler and the condenser, and steam leaves the condenser and enters the
pump as a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 57

Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam is condensed at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4%, determine:
a) The pressure at which the steam should be reheated
Assume: both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic.

Point 6:
600oC
𝑝6 = 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑥6 ≥ 1 − 0.104 = 0.896
15 MPa
𝑠6 = 𝑠𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥6 ∙ 𝑠𝑓𝑔 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =
𝑘𝐽
= 0.649 + 0.896 ∙ 7.5 = 7.369 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
10 kPa
ℎ6 = ℎ𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥6 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =
𝑘𝐽 > 1-0.104
= 192 + 0.896 ∙ 2392 = 2335 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 58
Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam is condensed at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4%, determine:
a) The pressure at which the steam should be reheated
Assume: both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic.

Point 5:
𝑇5 = 𝑇3 = 600℃ 600oC
𝑘𝐽
𝑠5 = 𝑠6 = 7.369 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
15 MPa
From tables:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 3674 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑝45 = 40 𝑏𝑎𝑟 10 kPa

Steam should be reheated at a pressure of 4 MPa (40 bar) > 1-0.104

or lower to prevent a moisture content above 10.4%.
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 59
Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam is condensed at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4%, determine:
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume: steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid.
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇1 + 𝑤𝑇2 (ℎ5 −ℎ6 ) + (ℎ3 −ℎ4 )
𝜂= ≈ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙. + 𝑞𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡. (ℎ3 −ℎ2 ) + (ℎ5 −ℎ4 ) 600oC

Point 1: 15 MPa
𝑘𝐽
𝑝1 = 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 & ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 192 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓(0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟) =
0.1 − 0.006112 10 kPa
−2
= 0.1 + ∙ 0.1044 − 0.1 ∙ 10 =
1.01325 − 0.006112
3 > 1-0.104
= 0.1004 ∙ 10−2 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 60
Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam is condensed at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4%, determine:
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume: both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic.

Point 2: 600oC
𝑝2 = 150 𝑏𝑎𝑟
15 MPa
𝑣𝑓(150 𝑏𝑎𝑟) =
150 − 85.92
= 0.1404 + ∙ 0.1741 − 0.1404 ∙ 10−2 =
165.4 − 85.92
10 kPa
3
= 0.1676 ∙ 10−2 𝑚 ൗ𝑘𝑔
> 1-0.104

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 61

Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is
condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. The steam is condensed at a pressure
of 10 kPa. Determine:
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume: both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic.

600oC
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 ≈ 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑔 0.1−150 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ∙ 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 =
0.1004 + 0.1676 15 MPa
= ∙ 10−2 1.5 ∙ 107 − 104 =
2
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 20087 ൗ𝑘𝑔 = 20 ൗ𝑘𝑔
10 kPa

𝑘𝐽 > 1-0.104
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 192 + 20 = 212 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 62

Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C. Determine:
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume: both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic.

Point 3: 𝑘𝐽
Tables: ℎ3 = 3581 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑝3 = 150 𝑏𝑎𝑟 600oC
𝑠3 = 6.677 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑇3 = 600℃
15 MPa
Point 4:
𝑝4 = 40 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽 10 kPa
𝑠4 = 𝑠3 = 6.677 ൗ𝑘𝑔
6.677 − 6.584 𝑘𝐽 > 1-0.104
ℎ4 = 3094 + ∙ 3214 − 3094 = 3154 ൗ𝑘𝑔
6.769 − 6.584
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 63
Example 3
Rankine cycle. The steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C. Determine:
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume: both stages of the turbine and the pump are isentropic.

600oC
Point 4:
6.677 − 6.584 𝑘𝐽 15 MPa
ℎ4 = 3094 + ∙ 3214 − 3094 = 3154 ൗ𝑘𝑔
6.769 − 6.584
6.677 − 6.584
𝑇4 = 350 + ∙ 400 − 350 = 375.13 ℃
6.769 − 6.584 10 kPa

> 1-0.104

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 64

Example 3
A steam power plant Rankine cycle. The steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa
and 600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture
content of the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4%, determine:
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine. Assume that both stages of
the turbine and the pump are isentropic, there are no pressure drops in the boiler and the condenser, and steam
leaves the condenser and enters the pump as a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure.
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 212 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇1 + 𝑤𝑇2 (ℎ5 −ℎ6 ) + (ℎ3 −ℎ4 ) 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= ≈ = ℎ3 = 3581 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙. + 𝑞𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡. (ℎ3 −ℎ2 ) + (ℎ5 −ℎ4 )
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = 3154 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 3674 − 2335 + 3581 − 3154 1766 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= ≈ = = 0.454 ℎ5 = 3674 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3581 − 212 + 3674 − 3154 3889
𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 = 2335 ൗ𝑘𝑔
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 65
Example 4

The low-pressure turbine in a steam cycle has 10 kg s-1 of steam flowing through
it. The inlet conditions are 4 bar and 250°C, the exit pressure is 0.5 bar and the
isentropic efficiency is 80%. Calculate:
1. The enthalpy at the turbine exit
2. The power output of the low-pressure stage

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 66

Example 4
The low-pressure turbine in a steam cycle has 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈Τ𝒔 of steam flowing through it. The
inlet conditions are 4 bar and 250°C, the exit pressure is 0.5 bar and the isentropic
efficiency is 80%. Calculate:
1. The enthalpy at the turbine exit

𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 2965 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑝𝑖𝑛 = 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟
ቊ →
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 250℃ 𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 7.379 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
Given that 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 → 𝑠𝑔 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 7.379 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 → steam is wet (inside saturation curve)

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 67

Example 4
The low-pressure turbine in a steam cycle has 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈Τ𝒔 of steam flowing through it. The
inlet conditions are 4 bar and 250°C, the exit pressure is 0.5 bar and the isentropic
efficiency is 80%. Calculate:
1. The enthalpy at the turbine exit

′ 7.379 − 1.091
′
𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑠𝑓
𝑥 = = = 0.967
𝑠𝑓𝑔 6.502

′
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥′ ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 340 + 0.967 ∙ 2305 = 2569 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔

ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′
𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = ′ → ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 ∙ ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘𝐽
= 2965 − 0.8 ∙ 2965 − 2569 = 2648.2 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 68

Example 4
The low-pressure turbine in a steam cycle has 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈Τ𝒔 of steam flowing through it. The
inlet conditions are 4 bar and 250°C, the exit pressure is 0.5 bar and the isentropic
efficiency is 80%. Calculate:
2. The power output of the low-pressure stage

𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ ∙ ∆ℎ 𝑇 = 𝑚ሶ ∙ 𝜂𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 ∙ ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡

′
= 𝑚ሶ ∙ ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑊ሶ = 10 ∙ 0.8 ∙ (2965 − 2569) = 3168 𝑘𝑊

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 69

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is
superheated to 350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to
emerge at 0.5 bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump.
Sketch the T-s diagram, and calculate the following per kg of steam:
a) The heat added in the boiler and superheater
b) The work output of the first turbine
c) The heat added in the re-heater
d) The work output of the second turbine
e) The heat rejected in the condenser
f) The cycle efficiency
State any assumptions made.
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 70
Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump.
Sketch the T-s diagram.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 71

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
a) The heat added in the boiler and superheater
Assumption: the feed pump work is neglected

Point 1: ℎ1 ≈ ℎ8 = ℎ𝑓 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 340 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑝4 = 40 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇4 = 350 ℃
Point 4: 𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = 3094 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠4 = 6.584 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑞𝑖𝑛,1 = ℎ4 − ℎ1 = 3094 − 340 = 2754 ൗ𝑘𝑔
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 72
Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
b) The work output of the first turbine

Assumption: isentropic expansion

𝑘𝐽
𝑠4 = 𝑠5 = 6.584 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
Given that 𝑝5 = 9 𝑏𝑎𝑟 → 𝑠𝑔 (9 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 6.623 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 → steam is wet (inside saturation curve)
𝑠5 = 6.584 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔 (9 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 6.623 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 73

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
b) The work output of the first turbine

𝑠5 − 𝑠𝑓 (9 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.584 − 2.094

𝑥5 = = = 0.991
𝑠𝑓𝑔 (9 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 4.529

ℎ5 = ℎ𝑓 (9 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥5 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 9 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 743 + 0.991 ∙ 2031 = 2755.7 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑇1 = ℎ4 − ℎ5 = 3094 − 2755.7 = 338.3 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 74

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
c) The heat added in the re-heater

𝑝6 = 9 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇6 = 300 ℃
Point 6 𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 = 3055 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠6 = 7.176 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑞𝑖𝑛,2 = ℎ6 − ℎ5 = 3055 − 2755.7 = 299.3 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 75

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
d) The work output of the second turbine

Assumption: isentropic expansion

𝑘𝐽
𝑠7 = 𝑠6 = 7.176 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑘𝐽
Given that 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 → 𝑠𝑔 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 → steam is wet (inside saturation curve)
𝑠7 = 7.176 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 76

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
d) The work output of the second turbine

𝑠7 − 𝑠𝑓 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.176 − 1.091

𝑥7 = = = 0.936
𝑠𝑓𝑔 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.502

ℎ7 = ℎ𝑓 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥7 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 340 + 0.936 ∙ 2305 = 2497.5 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑇2 = ℎ6 − ℎ7 = 3055 − 2497.5 = 557.5 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 77

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
d) The heat rejected in the condenser

𝑘𝐽
Point 1: ℎ1 ≈ ℎ8 = ℎ𝑓 (0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ℎ7 − ℎ8 = 2497.5 − 340 = 2157.7 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 78

Example 5
In a steam cycle power plant, the boiler pressure is 40 bar. The steam is superheated to
350°C and passes through an adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 9 bar. It is then
re-heated at constant pressure to 300°C and passes through a second adiabatic reversible turbine to emerge at 0.5
bar. It then passes to the condenser and feed pump. Calculate the following per kg of steam:
f) The cycle efficiency

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝜂𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ≈ =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛

∆ℎ45 + ∆ℎ67 557.5 + 338.3

= = = 0.293
∆ℎ41 + ∆ℎ65 2754 + 299.3

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 79

Example 6

In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to
the boiler pressure of 40 bar.
After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar.
It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour.
After passing through the condenser the water returns to the feed pump.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 80

Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed
through a feed pump that pumps it to the
boiler pressure of 40 bar.
After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and
passes through a reversible adiabatic turbine
that reduces the pressure to 2 bar.
It is then reheated to 400°C and passes
through another reversible adiabatic turbine
that reduces the steam to saturated vapour.
After passing through the condenser the water
returns to the feed pump.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate
its efficiency.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 81

Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.
Point 5: 𝑘𝐽
Tables: ℎ5 = 3330 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑝5 = 40 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝐽
𝑠5 = 6.935 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑇5 = 450℃

Point 6:
𝑝6 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑠6 = 𝑠5 = 6.935 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑠6 = 6.935 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.127 𝑘𝐽ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 → Point 6 in saturation area
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 82
Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

𝑠6 − 𝑠𝑓(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.935 − 1.53

𝑥6 = = = 0.966
𝑠𝑓𝑔(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 5.597

ℎ6 = ℎ𝑓(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥6 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 505 + 0.966 ∙ 2202 = 2632 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 83

Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

Point 7: 𝑘𝐽
Tables: ℎ7 = 3277 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑝7 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑇7 = 400℃ 𝑠7 = 8.221 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Point 8:
𝑘𝐽
𝑠8 = 𝑠7 = 8.221 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 = 𝑠𝑔(? 𝑏𝑎𝑟)

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 84

Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑔(0.080 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 8.227 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑔(0.085 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 8.206 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

8.221 − 8.227
𝑝8 = 0.08 + ∙ 0.085 − 0.08 =
8.206 − 8.227
= 0.081 𝑏𝑎𝑟

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 85

Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

ℎ8 =
8.221 − 8.227
= ℎ𝑔(0.08 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + ℎ𝑔(0.085 𝑏𝑎𝑟) − ℎ𝑔(0.08 𝑏𝑎𝑟) ∙ =
8.206 − 8.227
8.221 − 8.227 𝑘𝐽
= 2576 + 2579 − 2576 ∙ = 2576.9 ൗ𝑘𝑔
8.206 − 8.227

8.221 − 8.227
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓(0.08 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + ℎ𝑓(0.085 𝑏𝑎𝑟) − ℎ𝑓(0.08 𝑏𝑎𝑟) ∙ =
8.206 − 8.227
8.221 − 8.227 𝑘𝐽
= 174 + 179 − 174 ∙ = 175.4 ൗ𝑘𝑔
8.206 − 8.227
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 86
Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

Point 2:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 ≈ ℎ1 = 175.4 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇1 + 𝑤𝑇2 (ℎ5 −ℎ6 ) + (ℎ7 −ℎ8 )

𝜂= ≈ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙. + 𝑞𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡. (ℎ5 −ℎ2 ) + (ℎ7 −ℎ6 )

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 87

Example 6
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that pumps it to the boiler
pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another
reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the steam to saturated vapour. After passing through the condenser the
water returns to the feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇1 + 𝑤𝑇2 𝑘𝐽

ℎ2 = 175.4 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝜂= ≈ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙. + 𝑞𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡. 𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 3330 ൗ𝑘𝑔
(ℎ5 −ℎ6 ) + (ℎ7 −ℎ8 )
= 𝑘𝐽
(ℎ5 −ℎ2 ) + (ℎ7 −ℎ6 ) ℎ6 = 2632 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ7 = 3277 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 3330 − 2632 + 3277 − 2576.9 1398.1 ℎ8 = 2576.9 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝜂= ≈ = = 0.368
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3330 − 175.4 + 3277 − 2632 3799.6
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 88
Example 7

In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its
pressure to 50 bar.
After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar.
It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar.
After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the feed pump.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 89

Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

0.5 bar

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 90

Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

Point 1:
𝑝1 = 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

Point 2:
𝑝2 = 50 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 ≈ ℎ1 = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 91

Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.
Point 4:
𝑘𝐽
𝑝4 = 50 𝑏𝑎𝑟 Tables: ℎ4 = 3433 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑇4 = 500℃ 𝑠4 = 6.975 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

State 5:
𝑝5 = 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽
𝑠5 = 𝑠4 = 6.975 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑔(4 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 6.897 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠5 = 6.975 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 92
Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

State 5:
6.975 − 6.929
ℎ5 = ∙ 2862 − 2753 + 2753 =
7.172 − 6.929
𝑘𝐽
= 2773.6 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 93

Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

State 6:
𝑘𝐽
𝑝6 = 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟 Tables: ℎ6 = 3067 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑇6 = 300℃ 𝑠6 = 7.566 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

State 7:
𝑘𝐽
𝑠7 = 𝑠6 = 7.566 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠7 = 7.566 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 < 𝑠𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.593 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 94

Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

State 7:
𝑠7 − 𝑠𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 7.566 − 1.091
𝑥7 = = = 0.996
𝑠𝑓𝑔(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.502

ℎ7 = ℎ𝑓(0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥7 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 340 + 0.996 ∙ 2305 = 2636 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 95

Example 7
In a steam plant, saturated water is passed through a feed pump that raises its pressure to
50 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 500°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces its pressure to 4 bar. It is then reheated to 300°C and passes through another reversible
adiabatic turbine that reduces its pressure to 0.5 bar. After passing through the condenser, the water returns to the
feed pump. Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇1 + 𝑤𝑇2 ℎ2 = 340 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝜂= ≈ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙. + 𝑞𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡. 𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = 3433 ൗ𝑘𝑔
(ℎ4 −ℎ5 ) + (ℎ6 −ℎ7 )
= 𝑘𝐽
(ℎ4 −ℎ2 ) + (ℎ6 −ℎ5 ) ℎ5 = 2773.6 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 = 3067 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 3433 − 2773.6 + 3067 − 2636 1090.4 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= ≈ = = 0.32 ℎ7 = 2636 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3433 − 340 + 3067 − 2773.6 3386.4

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 96

Example 8

In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases
the pressure to the boiler pressure of 40 bar.
After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through a reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar.
It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through another reversible adiabatic
turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C.
It is then passed to the condenser and cooled to its original state.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate its efficiency.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 97

Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that
reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is
then passed to the condenser and cooled
to its original state.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram and
calculate its efficiency.

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 98

Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.

𝑝5 = 40 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇5 = 450℃
Point 5 𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 3330 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠5 = 6.935 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 99

Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.

Point 6:
Isentropic expansion 5 → 6
𝑘𝐽
𝑠6 = 𝑠5 = 6.935 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑝6 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠6 = 6.935 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾 > 𝑠𝑔(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 7.127 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 100

Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.

Point 6:
𝑠6 − 𝑠𝑓(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 6.935 − 1.530
𝑥6 = = = 0.966
𝑠𝑓𝑔(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) 5.597

ℎ6 = ℎ𝑓(2 𝑏𝑎𝑟) + 𝑥6 ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =

𝑘𝐽
= 505 + 0.966 ∙ 2202 = 2632 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 101

Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.
𝑝7 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇7 = 400℃
Point 7 𝑘𝐽
ℎ7 = 3277 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠7 = 8.221 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Point 8:
Isentropic expansion 7 → 8
𝑘𝐽
𝑠8 = 𝑠7 = 8.221 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 102
Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.

Point 8:
𝑇8 = 100℃
𝑘𝐽
𝑠0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟,100℃ = 8.447 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑠0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟,100℃ = 7.694 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

8.221 − 8.447
𝑝8 = ∙ 0.5 − 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.22 bar
7.694 − 8.447
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 103
Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.
Point 8:
𝑘𝐽
𝑠0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟,100℃ = 2688 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑠0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟,100℃ = 2683 ൗ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

8.221 − 8.447
ℎ8 = ∙ 2683 − 2688 + 2688 =
7.694 − 8.447
𝑘𝐽
= 2686.5 ൗ𝑘𝑔
ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 104
Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.

Point 1:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓(0.22 𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 260 ൗ𝑘𝑔

Point 2:
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 ≈ ℎ1 = 260 ൗ𝑘𝑔

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 105

Example 8
In a steam plant saturated water is passed through a feed pump that increases the pressure
to the boiler pressure of 40 bar. After boiling it is superheated to 450°C and passes through
a reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the pressure to 2 bar. It is then reheated to 400°C and passes through
another reversible adiabatic turbine that reduces the temperature to 100°C. It is then passed to the condenser and
cooled to its original state. Calculate its efficiency.

𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑇1 + 𝑤𝑇2 ℎ2 = 260 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝜂= ≈ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙. + 𝑞𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡. 𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = 3330 ൗ𝑘𝑔
(ℎ5 −ℎ6 ) + (ℎ7 −ℎ8 )
= 𝑘𝐽
(ℎ5 −ℎ2 ) + (ℎ7 −ℎ6 ) ℎ6 = 2632 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ7 = 3277 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 3330 − 2632 + 3277 − 2686.5 1288.5 𝑘𝐽
𝜂= ≈ = = 0.347 ℎ8 = 2686.5 ൗ𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3330 − 260 + 3277 − 2632 3715

ES3B5 - Engines and Heat Pumps 106