Data and Signals

1
 Guard Band

A guard band is a narrow

frequency range that separates two
ranges of wider frequency. This
ensures that simultaneously used
communication channels do not
experience interference.

1
Baseband v/s Broadband
• In the baseband transmission the whole bandwidth of the cable is utilized
by a single signal.

• Conversely, in the broadband transmission, multiple signals are sent on

multiple frequencies simultaneously using a single channel.

3
Figure Baseband transmission

4
Note

Baseband transmission of a digital signal

that preserves the shape of the digital
signal is possible only if we have a low-
pass channel with an infinite or very wide
bandwidth.

5
Note
In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is
In baseband transmission,
proportional the required
to the bit rate;
bandwidth is proportional
if we need to send bits faster, we needto thebandwidth.
more bit rate;
if we need to send bits faster, we need
more bandwidth.

6
Note

If the available channel is a bandpass

channel, we cannot send the digital signal
directly to the channel;
we need to convert the digital signal to an
analog signal before transmission.

7
TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

• Signals travel through transmission media, which

are not perfect.
• The imperfection causes signal impairment.
• This means that the signal at the beginning of the
medium is not the same as the signal at the end of
the medium. What is sent is not what is received.
• Three causes of impairment are attenuation,
distortion, and noise.
8
Figure Causes of impairment

9
Attenuation

• Attenuation means a loss of energy.

• When a signal, simple or composite, travels through a medium, it loses

some of its energy in overcoming the resistance of the medium.

• To show that a signal has lost or gained strength, engineers use the unit
of the decibel.

• The decibel (dB) measures the relative strengths of two signals or one
signal at two different points.

10
Figure Attenuation

11
Distortion

• Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape.

• Distortion can occur in a composite signal made of different

frequencies.

• As a result, signal components at the receiver have phases different

from what they had at the sender.

• The shape of the composite signal is therefore not the same.

12
Figure Distortion

13
Noise
• Noise is another cause of impairment.

• Several types of noise, such as thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise, may

corrupt the signal.

• Thermal noise is the random motion of electrons in a wire, which creates an extra signal not

originally sent by the transmitter.

• Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances. These devices act as a sending

antenna, and the transmission medium acts as the receiving antenna.

• Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on the other. One wire acts as a sending antenna and the other as

the receiving antenna.

• Impulse noise is a spike (a signal with high energy in a very short time) that comes from power

lines, lightning, and so on.

14
Figure Noise

15
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of

the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information
in digital data.

16
Figure Digital-to-analog conversion

17
Figure Types of digital-to-analog conversion

18
Note

• Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the
number of signal elements per second.
• In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.

19
 Figure Binary amplitude shift keying

Where r is the number of data elements carried in one signal element, another
factor is involved, called d, which depends on the modulation and filtering process. The
value of d is between 0 and 1, S is the signal rate, and B is the bandwidth.

20
 Figure Binary frequency shift keying

where the middle of one bandwidth is f1 and the middle of the other is f2. Both f1 and f2 are
apart from the midpoint between the two bands. The difference between the two
frequencies is .

21
Figure Binary phase shift keying

22
Note

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of

ASK and PSK.

23
 Transmission Mode

4.24
Figure Data transmission and modes

25
Figure Parallel transmission

26
Figure Serial transmission

27
Note

In asynchronous transmission, we send 1

start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more
stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte.
There may be a gap between
each byte.

28
Note

Asynchronous here means “asynchronous

at the byte level,”
but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.

29
Figure Asynchronous transmission

30
Note

In synchronous transmission, we send

bits one after another without start or stop
bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the
receiver to group the bits.

31
Figure Synchronous transmission

32
 Transmission Media

4.33
Figure Transmission medium and physical layer

34
Figure Classes of transmission media

35
GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a

conduit from one device to another, include twisted-
pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

36
Figure Twisted-pair cable

37
Figure UTP and STP cables

38
Table Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

39
Figure UTP connector

40
Figure Coaxial cable

41
Table Categories of coaxial cables

42
Figure BNC connectors

43
Figure Coaxial cable performance

44
Figure Bending of light ray

45
Figure Optical fiber

46
Figure Fiber construction

47
Figure Fiber-optic cable connectors

48
UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a

physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred
to as wireless communication.

49
Figure Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

50
Figure Propagation methods

51
Table Bands

52
Figure Wireless transmission waves

53
Figure Omnidirectional antenna

54
Note

Radio waves are used for multicast communications,

such as radio and television, and paging systems.

55
Figure Unidirectional antennas

56
Note

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as

cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.

57
Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in

a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.

58
Thanks

59