ES LESSON 8-10 Reviewer

Global Energy Consumption

 Energy – one of the most important

components of economic infrastructure.
- Very necessary for existence of mankind
 Energy resources – large banks of energy that
can be transferred into a form that can be
used by society, such as electrical energy
 Sources of Global Energy
- Oil – 33%  Reasons for the dramatic increase of the total
- Coal – 27% amount of energy over time – (1) population
- Gas – 21% growth, (2) industrial revolution
- Nuclear – 6%  World Energy Usage by 2050
- Hydro – 2%
- Solar, Wind, etc. – 11%
 Non-fossil fuel sources – nuclear, hydro (dams
w/ electrical turbines attached to the
outflow), solar (both photovoltaic and solar
thermal). It currently supplies about 19% of
total energy.
 Primary energy consumption by fuel

 Global Energy - global energy system is

conceptualized and analyzed, the energy
distributor sub-system of the worldwide
supranational system. Its many
interconnections are examined and traced
back to their source to determine the major
elements of this global energy system. Long
term trends are emphasized.
 World energy supply and consumption is
 Shares of Primary Energy
global production and preparation of fuel,
generation of electricity, energy transport,
and energy consumption. It is a basic part of
economic activity. It includes heat, but not
energy from food.
 Oil – primary energy fuel in the world,
followed by other fossil fuels (coal, natural
gas). Has consumption levels of more than
100 exajoules in 2021.
 Global energy problem – one of the most
serious among the top 10 problems of the
humanity for the next 100 years. Increasing
 Global Energy Consumption by Source over
population means increasing energy need
210 years
(they are proportional)
 Types of Global Energy:
1. Fossil Fuel
2. Natural Gas
3. Energy Supply
4. Sustainable Development
5. Biomass
6. Renewable Energy Source
7. Hydrogen
8. Greenhouse Gas
 Classification of Energy Resources
 Classification of Energy Based on Long Term
Availability
1. Renewable Energy – energy that can be
replenished as quickly we can use it
Renewable Energy Sources – have less
environmental impacts and produce
fewer emissions than conventional energy
sources. Still under development and is
facing difficulties in commercialization.
7 Renewable Energy Sources
a. Hydroelectric Energy - The most
widely used renewable power source,
it uses the gravitational potential of
elevated water that is converted into
electrical energy through a hydraulic
turbine coupled with a generator set.
A dam is built across a stream to store
water, which is then supplied through
a channel to the turbine-generator set
to produce electricity.
Advantages:
o Low operating cost and requires
less maintenance
c. Solar Energy - energy radiating from
o Can be utilized for numerous other
purposes such as irrigation, flood
control, and water supply
Disadvantages:
o Building the initial infrastructure is
quite expensive
o Has adverse environmental effects
on aquatic life due to dam and road
construction, changed water flow,
turbine installation
Application:
o Electric power generation through
hydro-electric power plant
o Pumping underground water using
windmills
o Milling grain employing gristmills
b. Wind Energy - The second most widely
used clean energy source, it is one of
the fastest-growing infrastructures for
renewable energy. Wind energy is
generated capturing the movement of
atmospheric air by wind turbines and
converting it into electricity. The wind
flow is driven by differences in
temperatures of the Earth’s surface
when heated by sunlight combining
with the rotation of the Earth. When
the wind speed is higher, the wind
turbine rotates faster and generates
more electricity.
Advantages:
o An additional source of income for
farmers, and land-owners as they
are paid for the lands where the
wind turbines requires are installed
o Has the prospect of creating
employment in its manufacturing
and maintenance work
Disadvantages:
o Power generation fluctuates as
wind flow varies; no electricity can
be produced in the absence of
wind
o Wind turbines pose a threat to
wildlife, especially birds and bats
Application:
o Electric power generation
o Pumping underground water using
windmills
o Milling grain employing gristmills
the sun is the result of nuclear fusion
at its core. It comes from the Sun in
the form of sunlight that can be
transformed into electricity by
photovoltaic cells (solar panels), or as
heat energy by solar heaters, and solar
cookers for different purposes. It is the
third most widely used renewable
energy source.
Advantages:
o Pollution-free, causes no
greenhouse gas like carbon-di-
oxide emission
o Easier to install in off-grid areas to
generate electricity so houses in
rural regions can get electricity
o Reduces household energy bills
Disadvantages:
o Solar Installations tend to be costly
 o Since its production is weather This heat is captured by pumping
dependent, the energy flow can be water deep inside the earth’s surface
significantly low on a cloudy day that is converted into steam, which
drives a steam turbine to generate
Application:
electricity. Geothermal gradient
o Producing electricity by converting (increase in temperature with depth) is
solar energy using photovoltaic an essential factor in this energy
cells generation. There is about 77-86°F
o Cooking using solar cookers and increase in temperature per km of
heaters depth, near the earth’s surface in most
o Running solar pumps parts of the world. The geothermal
gradient is higher in places where
magma is close to the earth’s surface,
making such locations ideal for
geothermal power generation.
d. Biomass - fourth biggest renewable
power source after hydro, wind, and
Advantages:
solar. Biomass is the energy obtained
o Does not require the burning of
from biotic substances like plant, and
fossil fuels, so it does not
animal remains. Burning of wood for
contribute to carbon dioxide
cooking and warmth is the most
emissions
common way to utilize biomass
o Geothermal power plants have
energy. Modern processes to extract
higher efficiency than solar
biomass energy include methane gas
photovoltaic cells
generation, production of biodiesel,
o A more reliable and steadier source
and alcohol for fueling automobiles.
of electricity generation compared
to solar, wind, or biomass
Advantages:
o Being widely available, it reduces Disadvantages:
the reliance on fossil fuels
o Modern drilling technology has
o Generates revenue from organic
limitations to drill up to a certain
waste, and it reduces the quantity
depth only
of garbage to be landfilled
o There are only a few locations on
Disadvantages: earth where magma is close
enough to the earth’s crust, which
o Burning biomass fuel like wood
limits its scope of production.
releases carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere, leading to pollution. Application:
o Due to lack of technological
o Electricity generation
advancements to produce
biodiesel and alcohol from
f. Ocean Energy - available in two forms
biomass, it is not a widespread
– thermal and tidal.
renewable energy source that can
f.1) Oceanic Thermal Energy - Oceans
replace fossil fuels
cover about 66% of the earth’s surface
Application: (out of the total 71% covered in water),
which is almost entirely exposed to the
o Production of biodiesel and alcohol
heat from the sun. This oceanic warm
to be used as a replacement for
water is used to generate steam from
traditional automobile fuels
a low-boiling point fluid-like Ammonia
o Producing methane gas that can be
(boiling point -27°F), which drives a
used to generate heat, electricity,
turbine-generator to generate
and organic chemicals
electricity. According to estimation,
88,000 TWh/yr of power can be
e. Geothermal Energy - fifth major
generated from this thermal energy
renewable energy source in terms of
without affecting the ocean’s thermal
electricity generation in the world. It is
structure.
the heat energy trapped underneath
f.2) Oceanic Tidal Energy - This form of
the earth’s crust from the time of its
energy is obtained from the natural
formation due to radioactive decay.
rise and fall of ocean tides that spin a
 turbine connected generator. The tidal
energy can produce about 2600
TWh/yr.
Advantages:
o Steady production is possible as
the source is predictable, with
regular tidal charts being available
o Low operating cost
Disadvantages:
o Large machine installation is
required, that causes disruptions to
aquatic life and the ecosystem
o The power is weather dependent;
stormy weather changes the
consistency of the waves, so lower
the energy output.
Application:
o Electricity generation
g. Hydrogen Fuel Cells – Hydrogen gives
up more heat (150 kJ/g) than carbon
(32.8 kJ/g) upon burning. The burning
of hydrogen as an automobile fuel is
pollution-free, as only water vapor
releases as the combustion product. In
the case of fuel cells, hydrogen reacts
with oxygen to run the electric motor,
which can be used for electric vehicles.
Advantages:
o More efficient than other fuels as
hydrogen has the highest calorific
value (amount of heat produced on
burning).
Disadvantages:
o Production of hydrogen is
expensive
o Hydrogen as a fuel is highly
inflammable and explosive.
Application:
o Hydrogen fuel cells can be used to
drive automobiles instead of petrol
or diesel engines.
2. Non-renewable Energy – a natural source
that cannot be remade. These natural
resources that have a limited supply.
These resources can’t be replaced by
natural means at a pace that meets its
consumption. Eventually runs out
- Fossil Fuel – most well-known non-
renewable source. Derived from organic
matter trapped between layers of
sediments within the Earth for millions of
years. Organic matter, typically plants, has
decomposed and compressed over time,
leaving what is known as fossil fuel
deposits. Retrieved through drilling or
mining
Four Common Non-renewable energy
resources:
a. Crude Oil/Petroleum - builds up in
liquid form between the layers of the
Earth's crust. It’s retrieved by drilling
into the ground and ocean floor and
pumping the liquid out. The liquid is
then refined and used to create many
different products. a versatile fuel used
to produce things like plastics, artificial
food flavorings, heating oil, petrol,
diesel, jet fuel, and propane. Top three
oil-producing countries: United States,
Saudi Arabia and Russia.
b. Natural Gas - gathers below the Earth's
crust and, like crude oil, must be drilled
for and pumped out. Methane and
ethane are the most common types of
gases obtained through this process.
commonly used in home heating as
well as gas ovens, stoves and grills.
Russia, Iran and Qatar are the
countries with the largest recorded
natural gas reserves.
c. Coal - e last of the major fossil fuels.
Created by compressed organic
matter, it is solid as a rock and is
obtained via mining. Typically used in
home heating and the running of
power plants. China produces the most
coal by far. In fact, it has been the
largest producer of coal for the last
three decades, producing about 3.7
billion tons of coal in 2019.
d. Nuclear Fuels - used to produce
energy, nuclear fuels, is primarily
obtained through the mining and
refining of uranium ore.
Uranium Ore - Uranium is a naturally
occurring element found within the
Earth's core. Most uranium deposits
occur in small quantities, which miners
gather, refine and purify. Once
gathered, the uranium is brought
together and compounded into rods.
The rods are then submerged into
tanks of water. When it reaches critical
mass, uranium begins to break down
and release energy, which heats the
water it is immersed in. The breaking
down is known as fission. The heated
water then creates pressure. This
pressure drives the turbines that
 generate electricity in nuclear power
plants

 Energy Conservation – decision and practice

of using less energy; to learn what is what real
energy conservation techniques and to
understand the theory of conservation behind
them
2 Main Reasons why people conserve energy:
1. To gain more control over their energy bill
2. Reduce the demand on the Earth’s natural
resources
 Why is Energy Conservation important?
- To reduce demand
- Protect and replenish supplies
- Develop and use alternative energy
sources
- To clean up the damage from the prior
energy processes
- Helps to reduce the current bill and
getting better voltage
- Increase the lifespan of electrical
equipment
- It can protect the nature
 Difference between Energy Conservation &
Energy Efficiency
- Energy Conservation – using less energy
by adjusting your behaviors and habits
- Energy Efficiency – involves using
technology that requires less energy to
perform the same function
 12 Tips to save energy @ Home:
1. Turning off lights when leaving a room
2. Switch to energy efficient appliances
3. Use LED lights
4. Unplug devices when not in use
5. Keep thermostat at low temperature
6. Reduce water consumption
7. Use smart automated devices
8. Switch to double glazing
9. Cook with the lid on
10. Use a smart meter to track usage
11. Wash at a cold temperature
12. Use solar powered devices
 13 Ways to Conserve Energy:
1. Do a Home Energy Assessment
2. Turn off the Lights
3. Unplug
4. Make energy-efficient upgrades
5. Get a programmable thermostat
6. Use cold water
7. Cook responsibly
8. Only run full loads
9. Clean your air filters
10. Use natural resources
11. Install a renewable energy system
12. Downsize your home
13. Drive Less