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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10

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MISS JOCELYN DELAY

POLYNOMIALS – INTRODUCTION
POLYNOMIALS - DEFINITION
★ MONOMIALS
- An expression that is either a:
- Numeral (Numbers)
- E.g.: 1, 2, 3
- Variable
- E.g.: x, y, z
- Product of Numerals and
Variables
- E.g: 2x, 3x, 5x2
- Whole Number Exponents
★ POLYNOMIALS
- A sum of monomials
- Example: (2x3+3x), (x+2)(x-2), (x+3)
- Monomials are also polynomials, given
that the next terms are equal to zero.
DEGREES
★ DEGREE OF THE TERM
- Sum of ALL exponents of a term
- To find the degree of the TERM, add the
exponents on each variable of a term.
- Example: 51/2 x3y5z4
- The degree of the term is 12.
- Note that 51/2 is a coefficient,
not a variable, it can be
numerically simplified, hence
it is not counted, i.e. You will
not add ½.
★ DEGREE OF THE POLYNOMIAL
- The highest degree among each term.
- Example: 2x4y3+4k12+3y14z12

- Sum of the degrees on the

first term → 7
CONDITIONS FOR AN EXPRESSION TO BE A
- Second term → 12
POLYNOMIAL
- Third term → 26

★ RULES: - Hence, the degree of the polynomial is

- The variable x must not be an exponent 26.
- This will dictate the behavior of the
- An exponent of a variable cannot be: graph in the Polynomial Function (will
- A fraction be discussed later)
- A negative number

- The variable must not be in the

denominator (as previously stated, it
also cannot be a negative number)

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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Standard Form of a Polynomial ★ POLYNOMIAL DIVISION

𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
CASE 1 – THE LEADING COEFFICIENT OF THE
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 +... + 𝐶 DIVISOR IS 1

where n is the exponent

C (capitalized) is a constant 3 2
Say 𝑃(𝑥) =− 1 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 and
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2
- This means that the first term must be
the degree of the polynomial, 1) In order to use synthetic division, we
decreasing until it gets to the term that first have to set P(x) to its standard
has the lowest degree relative to the form
Polynomial Expression. 3 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1

POLYNOMIALS – SYNTHETIC DIVISION 2) Find the zero of the divisor D(x). Set
D(x) to 0
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 → 0 = 𝑥 − 2 → 𝑥 = 2

DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS let c be equal to 2.

★ DIVISION 3) Put c inside the corner square, and

- When we divide, we require 4 things the coefficients of P(x) outside, then
- The dividend (the one being solve.
divided by)
- The divisor (the one who is 4) In order to solve, drop the first
dividing the dividend) coefficient, then multiply it to c, then
- The quotient (the answer) put it on the box below the second.
- The remainder The remaining
value/excess 5) Note that the last value is the
- remainder, and that the degree must
be 1 less than the original P(x)
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
𝐷(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥)
or
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) • 𝐷(𝑥) + 𝑅(𝑥)

P(x) is the dividend

D(x) is the divisor
Q(x) is the quotient
R(x) is the remainder

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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POLYNOMIALS – THEOREMS
Therefore, R(x) is 49, and Q(x) is
2
5𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 25
★ REMAINDER THEOREM
- To find the remainder of P(x) when
Therefore, P(x)/D(x) is equal to
divided by D(x), you have to substitute
2 49
5𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 25 + 𝑥 −2 c.
- c here is the zero of D(x), the divisor.

CASE 2 – THE LEADING COEFFICIENT OF THE

- To simply put it, the remainder must is
DIVISOR IS NOT EQUAL TO 1
c substituted from x.

- You may also take use of synthetic

Say
3 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8 and division to find your answer.
𝐷(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2
Example:
First, divide the leading coefficient (a 3
𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8
2
and
number) to each term on both P(x) and D(x)
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1

3 2
Therefore, 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 and 1) set D(x) to zero
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 where each term is divided by 2) Solve for x
the leading coefficient (2) 𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 → 0 = 𝑥 − 1 → 0 = 𝑥 − 1
→1 = 𝑥
Repeat the process mentioned earlier.
Hence, if the zero is equal to 1, c is equal to 1.

FIRST OPTION → Substitute 1 to P(x)

3 2
𝑃(1) = 4(1) + 6(1) − 2(1) + 8
𝑃(1) = 4 + 6 − 2 + 8
𝑃(1) = 16

SECOND OPTION → Use synthetic division

Therefore, P(x)/D(x) is 2x2 + 5x – 4 + (8/x-1)
and find the last answer. That is the
remainder

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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★ FACTOR THEOREM POLYNOMIALS – FINDING THE ZEROES

- To determine whether or not D(x) is a
factor of P(x), substitute c once again.
GIVEN THE FACTORS
- If the value of P(x) when substituted to
c is zero, or if the remainder is zero,
then it is a factor of P(x) ★ GIVEN THE FACTORS

FACTOR - Simply set each factor to zero and

- It, when multiplied by another factor, solve for x as such:
makes the polynomial expression
whole. Given
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 5)
- Example: (x+1)(x-1) are factors of x2 – 1
- (x+2) is a factor of x2+2x+1
𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥 = −1

This is basically the same with the REMAINDER 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥 =

−1
2
THEOREM, given that the remainder or the P(c)
must be equal to 0.
3𝑥 − 5 = 0 5
𝑥 = 3
Example:
3 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 3 given that
Therefore, the zeroes are: {-1, -½, and 5/3}
c=–1

FIRST METHOD → Direct Substitution

3
𝑃(− 1) = 2(− 1) + 7(− 1)
2
+ 8(− 1) + 3 GIVEN ONE ZERO
𝑃(− 1) = − 2 + 7 −8 + 3
𝑃(− 1) = 0 ★ GIVEN ONE ZERO

SECOND METHOD → Synthetic Division - This only works in cubic polynomials as

it can be reduced into a quadratic.

- We will simply reduce P(x) from a cubic

to a quadratic, and from there, we
factor the equation.

Given
The last value (colored in green) is the remainder.
3 2
The remainder is zero, therefore x + 1 is a factor. 𝑃(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 5 and a given zero is
–1

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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Therefore, the other zeros are {-½, and 5/3}

Simply utilize the synthetic division and

divide P(x) by c. GIVEN NO ZERO

★ RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM

- To find P(x) given no zeroes, you have
to find the factors of the leading
coefficient (represented as q) and the
constant (represented as p).

𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑞
= 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

We can formulate the function

2 - Note that these are POTENTIAL
𝑃(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 5
ZEROES, meaning that they aren’t the
- We ought to factor the expression. zeroes exactly.

1) Multiply 6 and -5 3 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 6
2) Find the factors of -30 (the product
of 6 and -5) that sums up to -7.
Those are –10 and +3 Factors of p = { ± 1, ± 2, ±3, ±6}
Factors of q = {±1}
3) Place -10 and +3 in the middle
where there are similar factors. Therefore, p/q must be = { ± 1, ± 2, ±3, ±6}
2
𝑃(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 10𝑥 − 5
2
𝑃(𝑥) = (6𝑥 + 3𝑥) − (10𝑥 − 5) To find whether or not three of them are actual
Factor the enclosed expressions. zeros of P(x), we can either substitute them or
𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) − 5(2𝑥 + 1) synthesize them until we get remainders
- Combine 3x – 5, and retain 2x+1 equating to zero.
- 𝑃(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 1)
In this reviewer, we will be using synthetic
- Use the method earlier to solve for x.
division.

2𝑥 + 1 = 0 −1
𝑥 = 2 Let’s divide P(x)’s coefficients by – 1

3𝑥 − 5 = 0 5
𝑥 = 3

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1 ± 1 +4
𝑥 = 2
1± 5
𝑥 = 2
Hence, the other zeroes, when using the
1± 5
quadratic formula, would be 2

Here, given that it is already a quadratic

expression, we can just use this expression MULTIPLICITIES
based on the solution above:

2 - It is when a factor is repeated twice

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 6
once an expression is factored.
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
- Usually a perfect square, or a zero of a
monomial square (y=x2)
Therefore, the zeroes would be –3, 2, and –1
(we got –1 as we substituted it above)
- For example:
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)
- If we factor each, we get:
★ USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA

𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥 = −2
- Should you meet a quadratic equation
without any available factors, you
𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥 = −2
ought to use this formula.
- 𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥 = −2
2
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑥 = −3
where a, b, c are the coefficients of the
2
quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 - –2 as a zero is repeated three times. We
can denote this as – 2 multiplicity 3.

Example: after reducing P(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 1 by

1, you get the quadratic equation x2 –x – 1.

a = 1, b = -1, c - 1
2
−(−1) ± (−1) −4(1)(−1)
𝑥 = 2(1)

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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FINDING THE MISSING COEFFICIENT Given that P(1) must equate to three in order for x
+ 1 to be a factor, we must equate P(-1) = 3

- How will we find k when: 3 = −𝑘 − 1

3 2
𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5 − 𝑘 = 4
𝑘 =− 4
Given that it must be a factor of (x – 1)?
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS – GRAPHING
- We must apply the Factor Theorem,
wherein the remainder must be equal
to zero. POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

PROCEDURE ★ FUNCTION
- A relation
1) Set P(x) to P(c). Our c is 1 - Every element x there corresponds a
3 2
𝑃(1) = (1) + 𝑘(1) − (1) − 5 unique second element y (range)
𝑃(1) = 1 + 𝑘 − 1 − 5 - 2 ranges (y) cannot have the same
𝑃(1) = 𝑘 − 5 domain (x)
- Each element of the domain must be
2) Given that P(1) must equate to zero paired with exactly one range.
in order for x – 1 to be a factor, we
must equate P(1) = 0
★ FUNCTION NOTATION f(x)
0 = 𝑘 −5
𝑘 = 5 - A function is denoted by f(x) = x.
- f denotes the function
- (x) is the input
- How will we find k when:
- x is the output
3 2
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 − 2
★ POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
Given that it must have a remainder of 3 when
divided by x+1

PROCEDURE

1) Set P(x) to P(c). Our c is –1

3 2
𝑃(− 1) = 2(− 1) + 3(− 1) + 𝑘(− 1) − 2
𝑃(− 1) = − 2 + 3 − 𝑘 − 2
𝑃(− 1) = − 𝑘 − 1

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-
★ GENERAL POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

DETERMINING ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL

FUNCTION

where n is the exponent

a is a coefficient ★ IN FACTORED FORM
ao is a constant
- Set each factor to zero and find the
value of x, as mentioned on page 4.
★ FINDING THE # OF ZEROS IN A
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION Example:
2
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3) (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
CASE #1 –
- The degree of a polynomial is equal to
the number of zeroes. 𝑥 − 3 =0 𝑥 = 3

𝑥 − 3 =0 𝑥 = 3
Example: f(x) = x2 + 1; the degree of a polynomial
is 2, hence, the number of zeroes are 2. 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑥 = 1/3

CASE #2 –
- When in factor forms, the number of
degrees raised must be added.
Example: f(x) = -x3 (x+2)4(x-3)(x+5)2; the sum of
each degree of a polynomial is 10, hence, the
number of zeroes are 10.
CASE #3 – In expanded forms, look at the
leading terms.
Example: f(x) = (x2 –4)(x2 – 2x + 1), the leading
degree of both factors are 2, hence, the number
of zeroes are 4 in total.
𝑥 + 1 =0 𝑥 = −1
Since 3 is repeated twice, our zeros will be:
{3 multiplicity 2, ⅓, and -1}
★ WHEN ONE ZERO IS GIVEN
- Use synthetic division.
- Check if P(x) is in standard
form
- Check if there are no missing
degrees.
Example: P(x) = x^3 - x^2 - 10 x - 8 and c = 4

★ REAL AND IMAGINARY NUMBER ZEROES When divided, we will get x2 + 3x + 2

When factored out → (x+2)(x+1)
- Real number zeros are rational zeros. Hence, the zeros will be x = { 4, –2, –1}
While Imaginary numbers need to be in
complex form a + bi

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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END BEHAVIORS OF THE GRAPHS OF A

DETERMINING THE X AND Y INTERCEPTS POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

★ GRAPHS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS ★ BASED ON LEADING COEFFICIENTS

● Smooth – if the leading coefficient is positive, the right

● Continuous end goes up
● No gaps - goes to positive infinity
● No sharp edges
– if the leading coefficient is negative, the right
★ DETERMINING THE RELATION BETWEEN end goes down
ZEROES AND THE X-INTERCEPT - goes to negative infinity

- The zeroes ARE the x-intercepts. ★ BASED ON THE POLYNOMIAL DEGREE

- Simply plot the zeros along the x axis.
- X-intercepts are the point
where the graph touches the
x-axis.
- {x, 0}
– if the degree is odd, end behaviors go
opposite directions
– if the degree is even, end behaviors go in
similar directions.

★ DETERMINING THE Y - INTERCEPT MULTIPLICITY BEHAVIORS

- To find the y-intercept, simply
substitute all x to zero.
★ BASED ON THE MULTIPLICITY
3
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1 – if a zero has even multiplicity, the graph
3
𝑃(0) = (0) + 2(0) − 1 bounces
𝑃(0) = −1 - It will be a tangent to the axis
- It will just touch an axis
Hence, the y-intercept is –1.
– if a zero has an odd multiplicity, it will cross
the x-axis/intersects
- It intersects the x-axis

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TERM EXAMINATION Goodluck, Grade 10
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CIRCLE TERMS
EXAMPLE:

3
★ RADIUS
𝑃(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3) - A line segment
- The distance from the center of a circle
> Multiply the leading term per factor:
to any point on it
- Positive coefficients → right end
goes upward ★ DIAMETER
- Even Polynomial Degree → End - Twice the length of the radius
behaviors go in similar directions - A chord that passes through the center
- No multiplicity
of the circle
- Touches 2 points of a circle
3 −3
- X–intercepts: − 1/2, 2
- y-intercept: –3 ★ CHORD
- A line segment that touches 2 points
on the circle.

★ SECANT
- A line that intersects a circle at 2
points.

★ TANGENT
- A line that intersects/touches a circle
only at one point.

★ SEMICIRCLE
- A line that intersects a circle at 2
points.
CIRCLES - An arc from 1 end to the other
- An arc that equals to 180 degrees (1
rad)
★ CIRCLE
- Uses the arc symbol
- A locus/pattern of all points equidistant
from a central fixed point.
- This means that from the
circumference to the center, all points
are equal in length and distance.
- Has a measure of 360 degrees.

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★ ARCS -
- A segment/part of a circumference of a
circle.

★ CLASSIFICATION OF ARCS BASED ON ITS

ANGLE MEASURE

- MINOR ARC
- Uses 2 points/letters
- Measure is less than 180 For example:
degrees - The Central Angle ∠CBD is 50
degrees, hence the arc CD is equal to
- MAJOR ARC 50 degrees.
- Uses 3 points/letters - Similarly, the inscribed angle is equal to
- Measure is equal to or more 25 degrees.
than 180 degrees
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
★ CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES BASED ON ITS
VERTEX

- CENTRAL ANGLES
- The vertex (where the 2 lines
meet) is at the center

- INSCRIBED ANGLES
- The vertex is at any point of
the circumference
- Measure of Angle A is:
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND ARCS - 180 – (80+70) = 30 degrees

- The Measure of Angle BLC is 60

★ CENTRAL ANGLE AND ITS INTERCEPTED degrees.
ARC
- The measure of a central angle is equal - The angle measure of arc LC and BC is
to the measure of angle of the arc. also 60 degrees

★ INSCRIBED AND CENTRAL ANGLES di k n papataggalin p, goodluck sa term exams, grade

- The measure of the inscribed angle is 10!! If there are any errors, pls contact me >< thankz!!
half of the central angle.

MATHEMATICS 10