Integration Procedures

I. Integration by Parts

𝐼 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

Example: Evaluate the following equations.

a) ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
c) ∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
II. Algebraic Substitutions
A change in the variable of integration will often reduce an integral to one of the basic integration
formulas 𝐼 − 𝐼 . Such a change in variable is called Substitution, and if the substitution involves
only algebraic terms it is called algebraic substitutions.

Example: Evaluate the following equation.

a) ∫
√
b) ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 9
c) ∫
√
III. Trigonometric Substitutions
A change of involving trigonometric functions is called a trigonometric substitutions. This type of
substitutions is particularly useful when an integrand is a rational function of 𝑢 and one of the following
radical expressions.

√𝑎 − 𝑢 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

√𝑎 + 𝑢 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃

√𝑢 − 𝑎 , let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃

Example: Evaluate the following.

a) ∫
( )
b) ∫
√
c) ∫
√
IV. Integration of Rational Functions
Theorem. Any proper rational fraction may be resolved into a sum of partial fractions subject to the
classifications listed below.

I. If a linear factor 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 occurs once as a factor of the denominator, there corresponds to this
𝑨
factor one partial fraction , where 𝑨 is a constant and 𝑨 ≠ 𝟎.
𝒂𝒙 𝒃
II. If a linear factor 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 occurs 𝒏 times as a factor of the denominator, there corresponds to this
𝑨𝟏 𝑨 𝑨
factor 𝒏 partial fractions + (𝒂𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 + ⋯ + (𝒂𝒙 𝒏 , where 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝒏 are constant and 𝑨𝒏 ≠
𝒂𝒙 𝒃 𝒃) 𝒃)𝒏
𝟎.
III. If a quadratic factor 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 occurs once as a factor of the denominator, there
𝑨𝒙 𝑩
corresponds to this factor one partial fraction , where 𝑨 and 𝑩 are constants and 𝑨𝒙 +
𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄
𝑩 ≠ 𝟎.
IV. If a quadratic factor 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 occurs 𝒏 times as a factor of the denominator, there
corresponds to this factor 𝒏 partial fractions
𝑨𝟏 𝒙 𝑩𝟏 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩𝟐 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩𝒏
+ (𝒂𝒙𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ + (𝒂𝒙𝟐𝒏 , where 𝑨’s and 𝑩’s are constants and 𝑨𝒏 𝒙 +
𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄 𝒃𝒙 𝒄)𝟐 𝒃𝒙 𝒄)𝒏
𝑩𝒏 ≠ 𝟎.

Example: Integral the following equation.

a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
b) ∫ ( )
𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
( )