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4.8 Antiderivatives
We have studied how to find the derivative of a function. However, many problems re-
quire that we recover a function from its known derivative (from its known rate of change).
For instance, we may know the velocity function of an object falling from an initial
height and need to know its height at any time over some period. More generally, we want
to find a function F from its derivative ƒ. If such a function F exists, it is called an anti-
derivative of ƒ.
Finding Antiderivatives
DEFINITION Antiderivative
A function F is an antiderivative of ƒ on an interval I if F¿sxd = ƒsxd
for all x in I.
The process of recovering a function F(x) from its derivative ƒ(x) is called antidiffer-
entiation. We use capital letters such as F to represent an antiderivative of a function ƒ, G
to represent an antiderivative of g, and so forth.
Solution
(a) Fsxd = x 2
(b) Gsxd = sin x
(c) Hsxd = x 2 + sin x
Each answer can be checked by differentiating. The derivative of Fsxd = x 2 is 2x. The
derivative of Gsxd = sin x is cos x and the derivative of Hsxd = x 2 + sin x is 2x + cos x.
The function Fsxd = x 2 is not the only function whose derivative is 2x. The function
x + 1 has the same derivative. So does x 2 + C for any constant C. Are there others?
2
Corollary 2 of the Mean Value Theorem in Section 4.2 gives the answer: Any two an-
tiderivatives of a function differ by a constant. So the functions x 2 + C, where C is an
arbitrary constant, form all the antiderivatives of ƒsxd = 2x. More generally, we have
the following result.
xn+1
1. xn + C, n Z -1, n rational
n + 1
cos kx
2. sin kx - + C, k a constant, k Z 0
k
sin kx
3. cos kx + C, k a constant, k Z 0
k
4. sec2 x tan x + C
5. csc2 x -cot x + C
6. sec x tan x sec x + C
7. csc x cot x -csc x + C
The rules in Table 4.2 are easily verified by differentiating the general antiderivative for-
mula to obtain the function to its left. For example, the derivative of tan x + C is sec2 x,
whatever the value of the constant C, and this establishes the formula for the most general
antiderivative of sec2 x.
Solution
x6 Formula 1
(a) Fsxd = + C with n = 5
6
(b) gsxd = x -1>2 , so
x 1>2 Formula 1
Gsxd = + C = 22x + C with n = -1>2
1>2
-cos 2x Formula 2
(c) Hsxd = + C with k = 2
2
sin sx>2d x Formula 3
(d) Isxd = + C = 2 sin + C with k = 1>2
1>2 2
Other derivative rules also lead to corresponding antiderivative rules. We can add and
subtract antiderivatives, and multiply them by constants.
The formulas in Table 4.3 are easily proved by differentiating the antiderivatives and
verifying that the result agrees with the original function. Formula 2 is the special case
k = -1 in Formula 1.
Solution We have that ƒsxd = 3gsxd + hsxd for the functions g and h in Example 3.
Since Gsxd = 22x is an antiderivative of g(x) from Example 3b, it follows from the
Constant Multiple Rule for antiderivatives that 3Gsxd = 3 # 22x = 62x is an antideriv-
ative of 3g sxd = 3> 2x. Likewise, from Example 3c we know that Hsxd = s -1>2d cos 2x
is an antiderivative of hsxd = sin 2x. From the Sum Rule for antiderivatives, we then
get that
Fsxd = 3Gsxd + Hsxd + C
1
= 62x - cos 2x + C
2
is the general antiderivative formula for ƒ(x), where C is an arbitrary constant.
Antiderivatives play several important roles, and methods and techniques for finding
them are a major part of calculus. (This is the subject of Chapter 8.)
Solution In mathematical language, we are asked to solve the initial value problem that
consists of the following.
dy
The differential equation: = 3x 2 The curve’s slope is 3x 2 .
dx
The initial condition: ys1d = -1
1. Solve the differential equation: The function y is an antiderivative of ƒsxd = 3x 2 , so
y = x 3 + C.
This result tells us that y equals x 3 + C for some value of C. We find that value from
the initial condition ys1d = -1.
y 2. Evaluate C:
y = x3 + C
C2
-1 = s1d3 + C Initial condition ys1d = -1
y x3 C C1
2 C0
C = -2.
C –1 The curve we want is y = x 3 - 2 (Figure 4.54).
1
C –2
The most general antiderivative Fsxd + C (which is x 3 + C in Example 5) of the
x
0 function ƒ(x) gives the general solution y = Fsxd + C of the differential equation
(1, –1) dy>dx = ƒsxd. The general solution gives all the solutions of the equation (there are infi-
–1
nitely many, one for each value of C). We solve the differential equation by finding its gen-
–2 eral solution. We then solve the initial value problem by finding the particular solution
that satisfies the initial condition ysx0 d = y0 .
Solution Let y (t) denote the velocity of the package at time t, and let s(t) denote its
height above the ground. The acceleration of gravity near the surface of the earth is
32 ft>sec2 . Assuming no other forces act on the dropped package, we have
dy Negative because gravity acts in the
= -32. direction of decreasing s.
dt
This leads to the initial value problem.
dy
Differential equation: = -32
dt
Initial condition: ys0d = 12,
which is our mathematical model for the package’s motion. We solve the initial value
problem to obtain the velocity of the package.
1. Solve the differential equation: The general formula for an antiderivative of -32 is
y = -32t + C.
Having found the general solution of the differential equation, we use the initial con-
dition to find the particular solution that solves our problem.
2. Evaluate C:
12 = -32s0d + C Initial condition ys0d = 12
C = 12.
Indefinite Integrals
A special symbol is used to denote the collection of all antiderivatives of a function ƒ.
ƒsxd dx.
L
The symbol 1 is an integral sign. The function ƒ is the integrand of the inte-
gral, and x is the variable of integration.
2x dx = x 2 + C,
L
cos x dx = sin x + C,
L
sx 2 - 2x + 5d dx.
L
antiderivative
$++%++&
x3
(x 2 - 2x + 5) dx = - x 2 + 5x + C.
L 3 ()*
arbitrary constant
sx 2 - 2x + 5d dx = x 2 dx - 2x dx + 5 dx
L L L L
= x 2 dx - 2
x dx + 5 1 dx
L L L
= a + C1 b - 2 a + C2 b + 5sx + C3 d
x3 x2
3 2
x3
= + C1 - x 2 - 2C2 + 5x + 5C3 .
3
This formula is more complicated than it needs to be. If we combine C1, -2C2 , and 5C3
into a single arbitrary constant C = C1 - 2C2 + 5C3 , the formula simplifies to
x3
- x 2 + 5x + C
3
and still gives all the antiderivatives there are. For this reason, we recommend that you go
right to the final form even if you elect to integrate term-by-term. Write
sx 2 - 2x + 5d dx = x 2 dx - 2x dx + 5 dx
L L L L
x3
= - x 2 + 5x + C.
3
Find the simplest antiderivative you can for each part and add the arbitrary constant of
integration at the end.
EXERCISES 4.8
a3t 2 + b dt a+ 4t 3 b dt
3. a. -3x -4 b. x -4 c. x -4 + 2x + 3 t t2
19. 20.
x -3 L 2 L 2
4. a. 2x -3 b. + x2 c. -x -3 + x - 1
2
21. s2x 3 - 5x + 7d dx 22. s1 - x 2 - 3x 5 d dx
1
5. a. 2
5
b. 2
5
c. 2 - 2 L L
x x x
a 2 - x 2 - b dx a - 3 + 2xb dx
1 1 1 2
23. 24.
2
6. a. - 3 b.
1 3 1
c. x - 3 L x 3 L 5 x
x 2x 3 x
25. x -1>3 dx 26. x -5>4 dx
3
7. a. 2x b.
1
c. 2x +
1 L L
2 2 2x 2x
A 2x + 2 x B dx
2x
a b dx
3 2
4 3 1 1 27. 28. +
8. a. 2 x b. c. 2x +
3
L L 2 2x
3 32 3
x 2
3
x
a8y - b dy a - 5>4 b dy
2 1 1
2 -1>3 1 -2>3 1 -4>3 29. 30.
9. a. x b. x c. - x L y 1>4 L 7 y
3 3 3
1 -1>2 1 -3>2 3 -5>2 31. 2xs1 - x -3 d dx 32. x -3sx + 1d dx
10. a.
2
x b. -
2
x c. -
2
x L L
11. a. -p sin px b. 3 sin x c. sin px - 3 sin 3x t2t + 2t 4 + 2t
33. dt 34. dt
p px px L t2 L t3
12. a. p cos px b. cos c. cos + p cos x
2 2 2
35. s -2 cos td dt 36. s -5 sin td dt
13. a. sec2 x
2
b. sec2
x
c. -sec2
3x L L
3 3 2
u
3 3x 37. 7 sin du 38. 3 cos 5u du
14. a. csc x2
b. - csc2 c. 1 - 8 csc 2x 2
L 3 L
2 2
a- b dx
sec2 x
px px 39. s -3 csc2 xd dx 40.
15. a. csc x cot x b. -csc 5x cot 5x c. -p csc
2
cot
2 L L 3
px px csc u cot u 2
16. a. sec x tan x b. 4 sec 3x tan 3x c. sec tan 41. du 42. sec u tan u du
2 2 L 2 L5
1 63. Right, or wrong? Say which for each formula and give a brief rea-
43. s4 sec x tan x - 2 sec2 xd dx 44. scsc2 x - csc x cot xd dx
L L2 son for each answer.
s2x + 1d3
45. ssin 2x - csc2 xd dx 46. s2 cos 2x - 3 sin 3xd dx a. s2x + 1d2 dx = + C
L L L 3
csc u b. 22x + 1 dx = 2x 2 + x + C
53. cos u stan u + sec ud du 54. du L
L L csc u - sin u
A 22x + 1 B 3 + C
1
c. 22x + 1 dx =
L 3
Checking Antiderivative Formulas
Verify the formulas in Exercises 55–60 by differentiation. Initial Value Problems
s7x - 2d4 65. Which of the following graphs shows the solution of the initial
55. s7x - 2d3 dx = + C
L 28 value problem
s3x + 5d-1 dy
56. s3x + 5d-2 dx = - + C = 2x, y = 4 when x = 1 ?
L 3 dx
1 y y y
57. sec2 s5x - 1d dx = tan s5x - 1d + C
L 5
csc2 a b dx = -3 cot a b + C
x - 1 x - 1
58.
L 3 3
4 (1, 4) 4 (1, 4) 4 (1, 4)
1 1
59. dx = - + C
L sx + 1d x 1 3 3
2 + 3
1 x 2 2 2
60. dx = + C
L sx + 1d x + 1
2
1 1 1
61. Right, or wrong? Say which for each formula and give a brief rea- x x x
son for each answer. –1 0 1 –1 0 1 –1 0 1