VOLCANOES

GEOLOGY - SCI 405

"MOTHER NATURE'S
TEMPER
TANTRUMS"

= VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 VOLCANO

COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD

CALLED ''VULCANUS'' WHICH
MEANS " FIRE BREATHING"
 TEPRA
The term tephra defines all pieces of
all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an
erupting volcano
 JEAN GUETTARD
FRENCH GEOLOGIST
IN 1751 , HE DISCOVERED
EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE
SOUTH OF FRANCE NEAR
AUVERGNE

PUY DE DOME (1465 m)

10 YEARS LATER
NICHOLAS DESMAREST

HE BECAME SO INTERESTED IN
GUETTARD'S DISCOVERY
HE BEGAN MAPPING NEWLY RECOGNIZED
LAVA FLOWS AND VOLCANIC MOUNDS IN
THE AREA .
MOUNT ST. HELENS
IN MARCH 1980 , IT WAS
CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST
BEAUTIFUL MOUNTAINS IN
PACIFCIC NORTHWEST IN UNITED
STATES
MOUNT ST. HELENS
SITS ON A PLATE BOUNDARY

ERUPTED 400 YEARS EARLIER

MOUNT ST. HELENS
( MARCH OF 1980 )
1. 170 INCREASINGLY STRONGER
EARTHQUAKE

2. THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN

WAS BLOWN OFF IN A
TREMENDOUS EXPLOSION
MOUNT ST. HELENS
3. TWO MONTHS LATER , A
LARGE BULGE ON THE MOUNTAIN
SIDE APPEARED .

4. ON THE MORNING OF MAY 18 ,

1980 , AN EARTHQUAKE A MILE
UNDERGROUND LOWERED THE
INTERNAL MAGMA PRESSURE
WITHIN THE VOLCANO AND
CAUSED THE BULGE TO
COLLAPSE .

5. FOLLOWED BY A HUGE LAND

SLIDE ( 241 kph)
500x THE FORCE OF
THE HIROSHIMA
BOMB OR 10 MILLION
TONS OF TNT
ERUPTION OF MT . ST. HELENS
HEIGHT : 19 KM
AREA : 373 km ( 250,000 HOMES)
KILLED : 60 PEOPLE , 200 BLACK BEAR ,
5000 BLACK TAILED DEER , 1500 ELK AND
NEARLY ALL THE BIRDS AND SMALL
MAMALS WITH IN BLAST AREA
540 MILLION TONS OF ASH WAS SPEWED
FROM MOUNT ST. HELENS OVER A
35 , 410 KM ^ 2 AREA
 LAHARS
LAHAR - Eruptions of snow-capped
volcanic mountains with their super-
heated ash melt peak snow and ice
causing a mudflow of melt water and
volcanic ash
 Nevado del Ruiz
erupted (1985)
The worse disaster caused by a lahar
Approximately 23,000 people were
killed instantly.
The mass and force of the lahar
leveled buildings, vehicles, and trees in
its way.
The Deadliest Volcanic Eruption in History

MOUNT TAMBORA
In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted on Sumbawa, an
island of modern-day Indonesia.

It killed 100,000 people in the direct impact. But it led

to tens of millions more deaths later.
 SURGES
Pyroclastic surges are the most violent
of all volcanic activities.
A pyroclastic surge can travel with the
speed of an atomic blast in the form of
low-density, extremely hot clouds of
rock particles and gas flows.
 Mont Pelée (1902)
It sent a fast-moving, veil-like cloud of hot volcanic ash and gases over
the town and leveled it. The cloud destroyed all plant life, wiped out the
town and killed 30,000 people.
 Nevado del Ruiz
erupted (1985)
The worse disaster caused by a lahar
Approximately 23,000 people were
killed instantly.
The mass and force of the lahar
leveled buildings, vehicles, and trees in
Optional:
its way. Add a text quote, photo, or
video to support your idea
 PYROCLASTS
Pyroclasts are fragments of
crystallized volcanic rock and
previously solid lava of any size that
are forcibly ejected from a volcanic
vent during an eruption.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
A pyroclastic flow is the denser-than-
air mixture of fine ash and hot gases
(temperatures over 1000°C) resulting
from an eruption.
 Pyroclastic Matter

PUMICE FALL ASH ASH TUFF

When particles are small (less than Particles that are bigger, between 2
Pyroclasts are fragments of
2mm across) they are called ash and and 64 mm in diameter, are called
crystallized volcanic rock and
the rock is called an ash tuff lapilli and the rock formed is called
previously solid lava of any size that
lapilli tuff.
are forcibly ejected from a volcanic
vent during an eruption.
 Pyroclastic Matter

WELDED TUFF BOMBS IGNIMBRITE

If loose volcanic fragments are arger Another type of pyroclastic flow
This glassy, fine- grained rock
than 64 mm across, are called bombs makes a type of glassy, and melted
formed by the fusion of settling
and the rock formed is called an ash. . This type of flow is very large and
volcanic ash
agglomerate. covers hundreds of square kilometers
of land to depths of several feet.
LAVA
 BASALTIC LAVA
Basalt is the most common volcanic
igneous rock in the Solar System.

Basaltic rock is an extrusive rock found

over much of the earth's crust.

Nearly all of the Earth's ocean floor is

made up of basalt. It is a mafic rock
with only about 50% silica by weight.
 FLOOD LAVA
Flood lava is pretty much what it
sounds like, a flood of molten rock
Flood basalts -When there are a bunch
of different lava floods over a period
of time, they pile up on top of each
other forming thick basaltic lava
plateaus
 PAHOEHOE LAVA
Pahoehoe is the Hawaiian word for
"ropy" and it looks like long, thick,
stringy strands of rope. It forms when
fluid lava flows into sheets and forms a
cooled glassy skin.
 AA LAVA
Aa lava has lost most of its gases and
flows much more slowly and steadily
than pahoehoe lava. A thick skin forms
at the cooler surface and as the lava
keeps moving, it cracks and breaks into
jagged chunks and blocks.
 PILLOW LAVA
Pillow lava is formed from slow,
gurgling underwater eruptions. These
oval, blobs of lava look a bit like
rounded sand bags of 20-100 cm in
width. When geologists find pillow lava
on land, they know that the area was
once under- water.
 RHYOLITIC LAVA
This type of lava is the most felsic of the
different types. It is a light colored lava
and erupts at temperatures of 800-
1000°C. It has a higher silica content
and is much thicker than basaltic lavas.
 ANDESITIC LAVA
This type of lava is a middle-of-the-road
lava between basaltic and rhyolitic. It
has a median silica content and its
characteristics fall in between basalts
and rhyolites
 LAVA LAKES
Lava lakes are often a product of
Hawaiian eruptions where fluid basalt
will pond in vents, craters, and wide low
spots. Sometimes lava pours from a
vent within a crater or wide depression
and fills it.
VENTS
 VENTS

VOLCANIC VENTS- From the deepest levels of the mantle,

cracks or openings to the surface from the magma chamber

CENTRAL VENT - a vent located at the top of a volcano and

at the end of a vertical magma feeder pipe is known as a
central vent
FISSURE- When a vent opens as a long slit in the ground
HOTSPOTS
 HOTSPOTS
Hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an
area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust,
where magma is hotter than surrounding magma.
th's surface is generally found over a mantle chamber of
high pressure and temperature magma.

DOMES
 DOMES

a lava dome is a circular

mound-shaped protrusion
resulting from the slow
extrusion of viscous lava
from a volcano.
SCORIA CONE
VOLCANOES
 Scoria cone volcanoes, also
called cinder cones, are the
most common type of volcano.
Reaching heights commonly
less than 300 meters, cinder

SCORIA cones make up the smallest

type of volcano.

CONE
 Let's review

Human-Environment Place
Interaction Elaborates what is within a location
This covers relationships within places; through two categories:
interrelationships between humans and 1. Physical characteristics
environments 2. Human characteristics

Location Movement
Position on the Earth's surface Humans and their levels of interaction
1. Absolute 2. Relative Migration and travel for need,
curiosity, or as a response to
environmental change
Physical processes are also
Region considered expressions of movement

Geographical tools designed to further

explain and organize the spatial
characteristics of our planet
Essay
Human geography’s main divisions
cover human activities; how people
alter environments to meet their needs.
How would you go about modifying the
environment for the common good?
Optional: Add a text
Expound on your ideas. quote, photo, or video
to support your idea
References
1. Dempsey, Caitlin. “What to Know About Absolute and Relative Location.” GeographyRealm,
Geography Realm, 12 Jan. 2021, www.geographyrealm.com/absolute-relative-location.
2. Poirot, Lissa. “Geography Facts That Will Blow Your Mind.” Far & Wide, Granite Media Group, Inc., 19
Jan. 2022, farandwide.com/s/amazing-geography-facts-d9d661749cad43df.
3. “Human Modification of the Environment.” National Geographic, National Geographic Society,
www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-human-modification-environment/?
q=&page=1&per_page=25. Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
4. Rosenberg, Matt. “The 5 Themes of Geography.” ThoughtCo., Dotdash, 13 July 2019,
www.thoughtco.com/five-themes-of-geography-
1435624#:~:text=The%20five%20themes%20of%20geography,in%20the%20K%2D12%20classroom.
5. Boehm, Richard, and James Petersen. “An Elaboration of the Fundamental Themes in Geography.”
Social Education, www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/5804/580402.html.
Accessed 7 Feb. 2022.
 Resource Page
Use these icons and illustrations in your Canva Presentation. Happy designing! Don't forget to delete this page before presenting.
 Key Concepts
The main themes of Geography are:

Location Movement Region

This refers to a place or
position on the Earth's surface.
A location can either be
absolute (exact), or relative (in
relation to other locations).
Movement looks at how
people connect. How are
ideas, technology, and
culture are being passed on?
Regions are places that have
common physical and human
attributes. This can be a formal
region (cities, districts, countries,
etc) or functional regions.

Place
How do you describe the
physical attribute of a location?
How do people in a specific
location behave?
Environment
This shows the interactions
between humans and the
physical environment.
 Assignment
Think of which geographical theme
interests you. Create a poster or
infographic about it, and if can find
something that connects it to your
own area, add that too. Optional:
Add a text quote, photo, or
video to support your idea
 References

"What is Geography", nationalgeographic.org,

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/what-is-
geography/

"Human Geography and Physical Geography",

brightknowledge.org, https://brightknowledge.org/geography-
environment/human-geography-and-physical-geography
Resource Page

Use these icons and illustrations in

your Canva Presentation. Happy
designing! Don't forget to delete
this page before presenting.