Advance Engineering Mathematics

π π
Rectangular Form z=a+bi 𝑧1 = 2(cos 8 + j sin )
8

r = 1 = √−1 𝑧2 = 4(cos
3π
+ j sin
3π
)
8 8
r=2=-1
𝑧1 2 π 3π π 3π
= [cos( − ) + 𝑗 sin( − )]
r=3=-i 𝑧2 4 8 8 8 8
𝑧1 π π
r=4=1 = 0.5(cos (− ) + 𝑗 sin (− ))
𝑧2 4 4
Polar Form z = r (cos θ + I sin θ) 𝑧1 π π
= 0.5 cos (− ) + 𝑗0.5 sin (− )
Resultant 𝑧2 4 4
𝑧1
r = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 0.5355 − 𝑗0.35355
𝑧2

𝑏
𝜃 = α = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = Ex 5. Power
𝑎

Quadrant 1 = positive (+) General Formula:

Quadrant 2 = - π -α 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝛉 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝛉)

1
2π 2π
Quadrant 3 = α - π 𝑧 = [√3(cos + 𝑗 sin )]8
9 9

Quadrant 4 = negative (-) n=8

Ex 1. Rectangular Form to Polar Form 8 2π 2π
𝑧 = √3 (cos (8 𝑥 ) + 𝑗 sin (8 𝑥 ))
9 9
5 – j5
16π 16π
r = √(5)2 +(5)2 𝑧 = 81 (cos ( ) + 𝑗 sin ( ))
9 9
16π 16π
r = 5 √2 𝑧 = 81 cos + 𝑗81 sin
9 9
5 1
α = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = =4π 𝑧 = 64. 04960 – j52.06580
5

1 Ex. 6 Roots
θ=-4π

𝟏 𝟏 General Formula:
= 𝟓 √𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 (− 𝟒 𝛑) + 𝐣 𝐬𝐢𝐧(− 𝟒 𝛑)
𝛉
𝑾𝒌 = √𝒓 𝒄𝒋𝒔 ( + 𝒌𝛑) ; 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝒏 ….
Ex 2. Polar Form to Rectangular Form 𝟐
7 7 𝟏
z = 5 ( cos 6 π + 𝑗 sin 6 π) (−1 + 𝑗)𝟑

* distribute the 5 𝑟 = √(−1)2 +(1)2 = √2

7 7 1 1 3
𝑧 = 5 cos 6 π + 5 𝑗 sin 6 π θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = − π = π
1 4 4
𝟓√𝟑 𝟓
=− + 𝒋 𝟐 ; - 4.33013 – j2.5 1
𝟐 3 3
(√2𝑐𝑗𝑠 π)
Ex 3. Multiplying Polar Complex Numbers 4
3
General Formula: 3 π + 2𝑘π
𝑊𝑘 = √2 𝑐𝑗𝑠 (4
√ ) ; 𝑘 = 0, 1 ,2
3
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝛉𝟏 + 𝛉𝟐 ) + 𝐣 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝛉𝟏 +𝛉𝟐 )]
π π
𝑧1 = 2(cos 8 + j sin ) 6 π 2(0)π
8 𝑊0 = √2 𝑐𝑗𝑠 ( + ) = 0.7937 + 𝑗7937
4 3
3π 3π
𝑧2 = 4(cos + j sin ) π 2(1)π
8 8 6
𝑊1 = √2 𝑐𝑗𝑠 ( + )
π 3π π 3π 4 3
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (2 𝑥 4)[cos( 8 + ) + j sin ( 8 + )] = −1.08422 + 𝑗0.29051
8 8

π π 6 π 2(2)π
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 8 (cos + 𝑗 sin ) 𝑊2 = √2 𝑐𝑗𝑠 ( + ) = 0.29051 − 𝑗1.08422
2 2 4 3
π π
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 8 cos + 𝑗8 sin
2 2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑗8

Ex 4. Dividing Polar Complex Numbers

General Formula:
𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏
= [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝟏 − 𝛉𝟐 ) + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟏 − 𝛉𝟐 )]
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐
Advance Engineering Mathematics

Ex 7. Complex Equations

Case 1. Determinant = real number

𝑓 (𝑧) = 6 + 𝑗8 𝑧 5 + 3 − 𝑗4 = 0

𝑎 = 6 + 𝑗8, 𝑏 = 𝑗5, 𝑐 = 3 − 𝑗4

Determinant: (𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐)

= (5)2 − 4 (6 + 𝑗8)(3 − 𝑗4)

= 𝑗 2 25 + (−24 − 𝑗32)(3 − 𝑗4)

= −25 − 72 − 128

= −225 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

− 𝑏± √−𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
Using Quadratic Equation: 2(𝑎)

− 𝑗5 ± √−225 − 𝑗5 ± 𝑗15
=
2(6 + 𝑗8) 2(6 + 𝑗8)
−𝑗5 + 𝑗15 2 3
𝑧1 = = +𝑗
2(6 + 𝑗8) 5 10
−𝑗5 − 𝑗15 4 3
𝑧1 = = − +𝑗
2(6 + 𝑗8) 5 5

Case 2: Determinant = complex or imaginary number

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + (𝑗4 − 1)𝑧 + 𝑗 − 5 = 0

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = (𝑗4 − 1), 𝑐 = (𝑗 − 5)

Determinant: (𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐)

= (𝑗4 − 1)2 − 4(1)(𝑗 − 5)

= 16 (−1) − 8𝑗 + 1 − 𝑗4 + 20

= 5 − 𝑗12 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

To evaluate the complex determinant use:

𝛉
𝑾𝒌 = √𝒓 𝒄𝒋𝒔 (𝟐 + 𝒌𝛑) ; 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏

1
(5 − 𝑗12)2 ; 𝑟 = √(5)2 + (−12)2 = 13
12
θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −1.7601
5
−1.7601
𝑤0 = √13 𝑐𝑗𝑠 ( + 2(0)π) = 3 − 𝑗2
2
−1.7601
𝑊1 = √13 𝑐𝑗𝑠 ( + 2(1)π) = −3 + 𝑗2
2
Back to quadratic equation:

− 𝒃 + 𝑾𝟎 − 𝒃 − 𝑾𝟏
𝒛𝟎 = , 𝒛𝟏 =
𝟐(𝒂) 𝟐(𝒂)
−𝑗4 + 3 − 𝑗2
𝑧1 = = 2 − 𝑗3
2(1)
−𝑗4 − (−3 + 𝑗2)
𝑧1 = = −1 − 𝑗
2(1)