Initiatives under Swacch Bharat Abhiyan

An Internship Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of degree of Bachelors of Business
Administration

2020 – 2023

Submitted by Guided by
MOHAK ARORA M/S.PREETI TANEJA
(0201BBA090)

Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)

Institute Management & Research ,New Delhi
Re-Accredited with Grade “A+” by NAAC

A- 4, Paschim Vihar, New - Delhi, Ph: 011 - 25286442 Fax 011 - 25286442

Certificate of Originality
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Initiatives under Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan ” Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of BBA is an original work carried out by MOHAK
ARORA under the guidance of Ms. PREETI TANEJA. The matter embodied
in this project is a genuine work done by MOHAK ARORA to the best of my
knowledge and belief and has been submitted neither to this University nor to
any other University for the fulfillment of the requirement of the course of
study.

MOHAK ARORA
Signature of the student
 Certificate

This is to certify that the Project titled “Initiatives under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” is an
academic work done by “MOHAK ARORA” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the Degree of Course from Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed
University, Pune. It has been completed under the guidance of Ms. PREETI TANEJA
(Faculty Guide) and Mr./Ms._______________ (Corporate Mentor). We are thankful to
(Name of the Company) for having allowed our student to undergo project work training. The
authenticity of the project work will be examined by the viva examiner which includes data
verification, checking duplicity of information etc. and it may be rejected due to non
fulfillment of quality standards set by the Institute.

Dr. A.K. Srivastav

Director I/c
BVIMR, New Delhi
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude of my teacher

Ms. Preeti taneja who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on USE OF PLASTIC TILES INSTEAD OF
CONCRETE TILES which are helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many new things.
I am really thankful to her.

MOHAK ARORA
USE OF
PLASTIC
TILES
INSTEAD
OF
 CONCRET
E TILES

INDEX:

1. INTRODUCTION OF
CONCRETE TILES
2. ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
TILES
3. DISADVANTAGES OF
CONCRETE TILES
4. INTRODUCTION OF PLASTIC
5. ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
6. DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
7. PROCESS OF MAKING TILES
Introduction of
Concrete tiles
Cement-based concrete is an undeniably strong
material. While it’s commonly used for commercial
purposes to withstand wear and tear better than ceramic
and hardwoods, tiles manufactured from concrete are
endlessly customizable from a design aspect and have
found their place in residential homes for centuries.
Concrete tiles or wall tiles are tiles with a special
design. When installing concrete tile in your home,
you're no longer limited to run-of-the-mill factory-
produced ceramic, porcelain, or vinyl wall tiles. The
budget friendly, long-lasting and a versatile alternative
is the concrete tile made for the needs. Concrete tile can
be used anywhere such as wall, indoors or outdoor, on
floors, pools and patios, fireplace surrounds, shower
enclosures etc. The best part is Concrete By Design
offers concrete tile & wall tile in different sizes, finishes
and colors as per the design needs. Concrete Tile, Wall
tile Is More Versatile!
The variety of concrete tile and wall tile patterns
offered at Concrete By Design fit any room size that is
not limited to standard-sized squares. Although any one
can certainly recreate the look of tiles with repeating
squares, concrete allows more versatility for including
cutouts and embeds, imprinted patterns, three-
dimensional sculptural designs, and more.

Advantages of
concrete tiles
 They're Durable
 Concrete tiles will outlive us. The biggest advantage,
hands down. Once you make the investment, you can be
sure that they’ll hold up well for the long run.

 They’re Easy to Maintain

 Sealed concrete tile floors can be swept and cleaned
easily – just like other tile floors. You can use a mild
soap to mop the floor, but you should always dry mop
over the surface to collect any standing moisture before it
penetrates the tile.

 There's a Design to Match Every Home

 From a design aspect, you won’t have any trouble
finding concrete tiles that match the style of your home,
regardless if your inspo comes from an Italian villa in a
movie, your Moroccan vacation, or modern design
trends.
 They're Environmentally-Friendly
 Concrete tiles are made of natural materials, and high-
quality tiles also include natural pigments to create their
patterns. Natural colors won’t fade over time the same
way non-mineral based colors will, which is why some
of the oldest encaustic tiles around the world continue to
look extraordinarily vibrant. 

 You Can Heat Them

 If you’re worried that your concrete floor will feel cold
underfoot in the middle of winter, it’s easy to add radiant
flooring before installation. In many cases, the ground-up
heating solution can replace the need for venting and
other heating sources and operates more efficiently, too.

 They’re Easily Refinished

 Concrete tiles (including colorful encaustic tiles) can be
refinished over time to remove discolorations, just like
you would treat scratched and damaged hardwood floors.
Using a high-grade sandpaper on the dampened surface
(to keep dust at bay), and gently sand away the top
microlayer of concrete to reveal a fresh layer with
revived colors. 
Disadvantages of concrete
Tiles
They Require Structural Consideration
Concrete flooring is heavy, so before you go stripping out old
laminate and prepping for a beautiful new cement-based kitchen floor,
make sure your home’s structure can support the weight. The best
way to do this is to hire an engineer who can assess your home. If it’s
not concrete-ready, the consultant can also connect you with the right
contractor who can help reinforce for the additional weight

They’ll Change Over the Years

“Concrete will patina over time, just like a leather or wood material
would,” points out NEMO Tile + Stone design director Katie
Michael-Battaglia. “It’s supposed to have the chips and cracks in it —
it’s more brittle and that’s the look! You have to be aware and okay
with that and appreciate that kind of material to utilize a concrete tile
in a residential setting.”

They’re thicker than Other Tiles

Be aware that concrete tiles are usually 5/8” thick, which is thicker
than ordinary tile. However you’re using them, be sure the subfloor or
backing accounts for the added depth if you’re looking for flush
transitions.

Concrete Is Porous (Even Sealed, Concrete Can Stain)

Concrete tiles require extra maintenance in that they need to be
resealed every 2-3 years, and to some homeowners, makes these tiles
a deal breaker. Resealing the floors helps to slow the absorption of
water in the kitchen and bathroom. In a kitchen, dropped food or
spilled wine or oil on the floor can leave a permanent mark on
concrete surfaces that aren’t well-maintained or cleaned immediately.

They're Cold and Uncomfortable Underfoot

Though we mention above that you can install radiant flooring
beneath new concrete tiles, it's not as feasible in older homes with
existing concrete tile floors. Washing dishes standing atop hard tile
can feel uncomfortable, and they’re not exactly the most in-demand
surface for children who like to crawl around and play on the floor.

They Aren’t Ideal Outdoors

Concrete tiles that are exposed to freezing temperatures and Mother
Nature’s elements are more likely to crack and distress – even in
covered or screened-in porches that may be affected by the occasional
blustery rain or snowstorm.
INTRODUCTION
OF PLASTIC
Plastic is a relatively cheap, durable and versatile
material. These properties have led to the creation of
many thousands of products, which have brought
benefits to society in terms of economic activity, jobs
and quality of life. Plastics can even in many
circumstances help reduce energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions, especially when compared
with the alternatives, but sometimes independently such
as in the cases of insulation and applications in wind
and solar photovoltaic power generation. However,
plastic waste can also impose negative externalities
such as greenhouse gas emissions or ecological damage.
It is usually non- biodegradable and therefore can
remain as waste in the environment for a very long
time; it may pose risks to human health and the
environment; in some cases, it can be difficult to reuse
and/or recycle. However; Management of waste in the
world has been improving in terms of recycling and
energy recovery, but there is still much to be done.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
PLASTIC

ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC TILES

Recycled plastic tiles are very resistant to bad weather and

climatic variations. As they are not porous and are 100%
watertight, the risk of cracks due to severe changes in
temperature is minimized, and the tiles' lifetime is extended!
Lighter weight than competing materials reduces fuel
consumption during transportation. Good safety and hygiene
properties for food packaging. Durability and longevity.
Resistance to chemicals, water and impact.
DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
TILES

Plastics production also involved the use of potentially harmful

chemicals which are added as stabilizers or colorants. Many of these
have not undergone environmental risk assessment and their impact
on human health and the environment is currently uncertain.
Such an example is phthalates which are used in the manufacture of
PVC. PVC has in the past been used in toys for young children and
there have been concerns that phthalates may be released when these
toys are sucked. Risk assessment of the effects of phthalates on the
environment is currently being carried out. The disposal of plastics
products also contributes significantly to their environmental impact.
Most plastics are non-degradable and they may take a long time to
break down once they are landfilled. With more and more plastic
products, particularly plastics packaging, being disposed of soon after
their purchase, the landfill space required by plastics waster is a
growing concern.
PROCESS OF MAKING
PLASTIC TILES

First of all you need plastics.

If you want to make a product from recycled plastics, make sure you
save all your plastic bottles, caps, buckets and more. Instead of
throwing it away, make sure to keep it all together.

There are many different types of plastics, which all melt on a

different temperature. The best is to use plastics from the same
melting temperature.

The plastic which could be used best for the plastic tile is HDPE, this
is worldwide one of the most used plastics and easy to find. Next to
this it is strong, though, easy to melt, and non-toxic.

It is very important to clean the plastic before use. When there are still
solvents attached to the plastic, these solvents and impurities will
cause problems in the melting by creating excess smoke and will
prevent the plastic from sticking to each other.

After collecting all the leftover plastic, the next step is to cut it all into
small pieces. Small pieces will melt easier and it helps with being able
to get all the plastic into the the right shape before melting.

Cutting could be done by hand or you could use a shredder or an food

processor. To cut the plastics into smaller pieces.

We are now making a tile for in the street which will replace an
existing stone tile. Because of this we are using a 30x30 cm mold.
The thickness will be 4 cm. The best is to create a side wall a bit
higher than the thickness you want to be sure the plastic does not go
over the edge.

Draw the shape on paper and calculate the right messurements.

Cut the material, in this case aluminium in the right shape.

For the tile we used a 40x40cm sheet and took out small squares in
the corners form 5x5cm. After you cut out the squares you can bend
the sides to create a box.

After melting the plastic needs to be pressed into the mold and
therefore you need a top, on which you can add pressure. Cut out a
30x30 cm top.

In this case we welded the mold together on the edges.

Note; if the material you use is stiff enough, and there is no big gap
between the edges you can leave it open.

Heat up the oven till 200C degrees.

The melted plastic could stick to the mold if you put in the plastic
directly, so put in baking paper to keep it from sticking, just like
baking a cake ;) .

Take al the clean, dry and cut up plastic pieces and put them in the
mold in the way you want it is your imagination that will eventually
decide the outcome of the colors.

Place the mold with the HDPE pieces in the oven. Make sure the oven
does not exceed the 200C degrees, as you could burn the plastic. Now
you wait, until the plastic becomes shiny

After about 90/120 minutes, Depending on the thickness of your tile,

take the mold out of the oven. When the plastic is melted and shiney it
is ready

Use the top, and place this on top of the melted plastic and press it
down firmly. You can also use klamps to push the top down, and
make sure the HDPE is pressed into the corners.

When cooled down, take the tile from the mold. This could be done
by turning it over. When you use baking paper this shouldn't be a
problem!

To nicely finish the tile you can use an iron or a heat gun at the end to
quickly heat up sticking out elements, and press them into shape. (be
careful to not burn it!)

The tile is ready to use! take an old tile and replace it with your new
recycled HDPE tile
Case study -1
Hyderabad Gives a New Meaning to Plastic Waste, To Use Paver
Tiles

Made From Recycled Plastic

Pedestrians in Hyderabad will now get a chance to

walk on discarded plastic or rather tiles made from
waste – like polybags, chips packets, plastic bottles,
bottle caps and so on. The city, which is known for its
unique ways to reuse waste like using using tyres as
furniture in government offices, has cracked yet
another innovative model to beat plastic pollution and
prevent the plastic from reaching its landfill. Bamboo
House India, a social enterprise in collaboration with
the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)
are using paver tiles on roads made from thousands of
used polybags and other plastic items. The tiles made
from 30,000 plastic carry bags were procured last
month from a Delhi-based company Shayna
EcoUnified India Pvt. Ltd. The work on installing paver
tiles has already started. With expert advise from
Bamboo House India, the civic corporation is likely to
complete the project in a few days.
The tiles will be used to cover 1,500 square feet of area
in
Shilparamam and 3,500 sqaure feet in a pet park.
Since
Shilparamam is located right in the middle of the city
and many software companies are in the same area,
the paver tiled walkway made from plastic is likely to
draw attention.
secondly as opposed to regular cemented roads, the
paver tiles cost much less. While an average road
construction costs up to Rs. 10 lakhs, the paver tiles
purchased by the GHMC cost around Rs. 3 lakhs.
Besides, the tiles can take approximately 20 tonnes of
weight so the possibility of cracks is eliminated.
Depending on the success of the initiative, it will be
extended to other public areas, especially the areas
near bus shelters.
Case study – 2
This Delhi Startup Has Used 340 Tonnes Of
Plastic Waste To Make 11 Lakh Colorful Tiles

A Delhi based startup has found an innovative solution to

plastic waste disposal. For the past two years Shayna
EcoUnified India Pvt. Ltd has been using plastic waste to make
colourful floor tiles. Paras Saluja, the founder of Shayna
EcoUnified India Pvt. Ltd believes that plastic is one of the
finest inventions of this century. “I see people complaining
about plastics on social media and expressing their concerns
on climate change, but the sad part you know what is? These
people have never taken a step to help the environment.”
Inspiration From Vietnam In 2015 when Paras visited Everest
Base Camp he noticed the large plastic dump on the corners
of the road. The tourists had littered mostly the waste. “After I
returned from the camp, the sight of plastic waste left by the
enthusiast travellers, bothered me,” says Paras. Paras met
with government officials and scientists at the National
Physical Laboratory to get an insight about plastics/polymers.
Incidentally, NPL was working on a technology that could turn
plastics into tiles. Fascinated with the technology, Paras
invested in the Research and Development and also took
rights to manufacture the tiles for his company Shayna
EcoUnified. Paras takes pride while talking about The Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation’s (GHMC) dog park,
company’s first bigscale government project undertaken in
2018. Inside the park, the bright blue-green-pink tiles on the
pavement quickly draw bypassers’ attention, and word of
appreciation will spurt out after knowing that these tiles were
made out of plastic waste. Till now, Paras has provided tiles to
L’Oréal International, Tata Motors – Jamshedpur, and has also
won the tender from Municipal Corporation in Gurugram. Many
corporate companies have reached out to the Shayna
EcoUnified for EPR and CSR activities. In this case, the
concerned company will provide the raw material i.e plastics,
and Shayna EcoUnified will make tiles. As of now, Shayna
EcoUnified have turned 340 tonnes of waste plastics into
colourful plastic tiles.
References
https://www.headquartershair.com.au
https://www.civilsocietyonline.com
https://www.diynetwork.com
https://www.instructables.com/
https://byjus.com/