SOME IMPORTANT POINTS OF BIOLOGY
Inventions & Discoveries
Number Of Bones – 206
Number Of Muscles – 639
Number Of Kidneys – 2
Number Of Milk Teeth – 20
Number Of Ribs - 24 (12 Pairs)
Number Of Lobes In Liver – 2
Number Of Salivary Glands In Human – 3
Parotid,Submendibular,Sublingual
Number Of Portions In Stomach - 4
Cardiac,Body,Pyloric, Fundic
Number Of Chambers In The Heart - 4
Normal Blood Pressure – 120/80 Mm Hg
Stomach Stores Food For (Time) – 4 to 5 Hr
Breathing Rate In Humans – 12 To 16 Times/Min
Tidal volume – 500ml
IRV – 2500-3000ml
ERV- 1000-1100 ml
RV – 1100-1200ml
PH VALUES.
INTESTINAL JUICE - 7.6-8.3
pH Of Blood - 7.4
pH Of Saliva - 6.8
pH Of Tear – 7.2
pH Of Semen – 7.1 to 8.0
pH Of Gastric Juice – 1.8
pH Of Duodenum – 7.8
pH Of Vagina - 3.8 to 4.5
pH Of Urine – 6.0 to 7.5 (Slightly
Acidic),Normally4.5 to 8.0
Number Of Vertebrae In The Spine - 33
Number Of Vertebrae In The Neck - 7
Number Of Bones In Hand – 27
Number Of Bones In Wrist – 7
Number Of Bones In Middle Ear - 6
Number Of Bones In Face - 14
Number Of Bones In Skull - 22
Number Of Bones In Chest - 25
Number Of Bones In Arms - 6
Number Of Bones In Each Human Ear - 3
Number Of Muscles In The Human Arm – 72
Number Of Bones In Human Foot - 33
Number Of Bones In Each Wrist - 8
Number Of Bones In Hand - 27
Number Of Pumps In Heart – 2
Number Of Chromosomes In Human Cell - 46
(23Pairs)
Number Of Bones In New Born Body - 300
Biggest Cell - Egg Cell (Ovum)
First Transplanted Organ - Heart
Average Length Of Small Intestine - 7 M
Average Length Of alimentary canal – 9M
Average Length Of Large Intestine - 1.5 M
Average Weight Of New Born Baby - 2.6 Kg.
Pulse Rate In One Minute - 72 Times
o
Body Temperature - 36.9 C (98.4 F)
o
Average Blood Volume - 4 - 5 Liters
Average Life Of RBC - 120 Days
Average Life Of WBC 13 To 20 Days
Average Life OfPlatelets 8–10 days
Pregnancy Period - 280 Days
Plasma 55% (90-92% water, 6-8% protein
(fibrinogens, albumins and globulins), glucose,
amino acids and small amount of minerals like
– 56. GIFT : Gamete Intra-fallopian transfer
Na+, Ca++, Cl etc.)
1,500,00-3,500,00 platelets mm–3.
Breathing rate : 12-16 times/minute
Smallest Endocrine Gland – Pineal Gland
Smallest Cranial Nerve – Trochlear
Smallest Blood Vessel – Capillaries
Smallest Cell - Blood Cell
Smallest Bone – Stapes (Ear)
Smallest Muscle - Stapedius (Middle Ear)
Largest Endocrine Gland – Thyroid Gland
Largest Lymphatic Organ - Spleen
Largest Cell - Nerve Cell
Largest Part Of Brain - Cerebrum
Largest &Amp; Strongest Bone – Femur
Largest Vien – Inferior Vena Cava
Largest Internal Organ - Liver
Largest Artery - Aorta
Largest External Organ – Skin
Largest Lymph Organ – Splee
Largest Part Of Brain - Cerebrum
Largest Human Cell – Ovum
Lagest Antibody - Igm
Largest muscle - Buttock (Gluteus Maximus)
Largest cavity – abdominal cavity
Largest Isolated Single Cell - Ostrich Egg
Largest Blood Cell – Luecocytes
Longest Cell – Nuerons (nerve cell)
Thinnest Skin – Eyelids
Universal Donor Blood Group – O (Negative)
Universal Recipient Blood Group – AB (Positive)
Power House Of The Cell – Mitochondira
Protein Factory Of The Cell – Ribosome
Term coined by
1. Term Chromatin :Flemming
2. Term Linkage : Morgan
3. Term Recombination : Morgan
4. Term Mutation : Hugo de Vries
5. Term Biodiversity popularised by : Edward
Wilson
Father of Biology :Aristole
Father of Modern Botony: Linnaeus
Father of Antibiotics fb: Alexander Fleming
Father of Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner.
Father of Microbiology : Anton van Leenuwenhoek
Father of Modern Microbiology : Louis Pasteur
Father of Medical Microbiology : Robert Koch
Father of Pathology : Rudolph Virchow
Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch
Father of Virology :W.M.Stanley
Father of Embryology : Aristotle
Father of Modern Embryology : Ernst Von Baer
Father of Physiology : Stephan Hales
Father of Modern experimental physiology :Calude Bernard
Father of Genetics : Gregor Mendel
Father of Human Genetics/ Biochemical genetics :Arachibald Garrod
Father of Experimental Genetics : T.H. Morgan
Father of Haploid Genetics / Neurospora Genetics : Dodge
Father of Ecology : Theophrastus
Father of Cloning : Ian Willmut
Father of Plant anatomy : Grew
Father of Histology (Microscopic anatomy) : Marcello Malpighi
Father of Cytology : Robert Hooke
Father of modern Cytology : Carl P Swanson
Father of Paleontology : Leonard da Vinci
Father of modern Paleontology : Cuvier
Father of Concept of Evolution: Empedocles
Father of Botany: Theophrastus
Father of Modern Botany :Bauhin
Father of Zoology : Aristotle
Father of Biochemistry : Liebig
Father of Epidemiology : John Snow
Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary
Father of Modern Pathology : Rudolf Virchow
Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg
Father of Gene therapy : French Anderson
Father of Ethology :Konard Lorentz
Father of Endocrinology : Thomas Addison
Father of Eugenics : Sir Francis Galton
Father of Gerantology :Korenchevsk
Father of Palynology :Erdtman
Father of Stress physiology : Hans Selye
Father of Electrocardiography : Willem Einthoven
Father of DNA Fingerprinting : Alec Jeffery
Father of Mycology :Micheli
Father of Bryology : Hedwig
Father of ATP cycle: Lipmann
Father of Chemotherapy : Paul Ehrlich
Father of Anatomy : Herophilus
Father of Modern Anatomy : Andreas Vesalius
Father of actinobiology / radiation biology : HJVS Muller
Father of Ayurveda :Charaka
Father of blood groups : Landsteiner
Sizes in NCERT Biology
1. Diameter of pollen grain : 25-50 micrometer.
2. Diameter of RBC : 7 micrometer.
3. Smallest cell : Mycoplasma (0.3 micron in length)
4. Largest cell : Egg of an ostrich
5. Typical eukaryotic cell : 10-20 Micron
6. Typical eukaryotic plant cell : 50 micrometer
7. Typical plant cell : Onion cell
8. Typical eukaryotic cell cycle : Human cells in culture.
9. Size of bacteria : 3-5 micron
10. Typical bacteria : 1-2 micrometer
11. Viruses : 0.02 - 0.2 micrometer
12. Diameter of G.B. cisternae : 0.5-1 Micron
13. Diameter of mitochondria : 0.2-1 μm (Average 0.5
μm)
14. Length of mitochondria : 1-4.1 micron
15. Length of chloroplast : 5-10 micrometer (μm)
16. Width of chloroplast : 2-4 micrometer
17. Length of E. coli DNA : 1.36 mm
18. Length of Human DNA : 2.2 m
Experimental Materials
1. Englemanexperiment :Cladophora (green algae).
2. Priestelyexperiment : Mint plant
3. Van Nielexperiment : Purple & green sulphur
bacteria
4. Mendel’s work : Garden pea (Pisum sativum).
5. Hugo de Vries work on mutation : Evening primrose.
6. Morgan’s work :Drosophila melanogaster.
7. Griffith experiment :Streptococcus pneumoniae.
8. Hershy& Chase experiment : Bacteriophage
[Bacterial viruses]
9. Meselson & Stahl experiment :E. coli bacteria.
10. Taylor’s work :Vicia faba(faba beans)
11. Melvin Calvin’s work : Algal photosynthesis.
Full Forms
1. ICBN : International Code for Botanical
1731 - Many people of Bishnoi community sacrifice their lives saving trees (Jodhpur) Nomenclature
1770 - Priestley's experiment by Bell Jar, Mice & Mint plant, Candle. 2. ICZN : International Code of Zoological
1774 - Discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestley Nomenclature
1838 - Matthias Schleiden-Cell Theory 3. NBRI : National Botanical Research Institute
1839 - Theodore Schwann- Cell Theory 4. CDRI : Central Drug Research Institute
1850s - Before industrialization => more white wing Moth
5. IBG : Indian Botanical Garden
1854 - Julius von Sachs proved that glucose is formed in photosynthesis & stored as
6. PSTD : Potato Spindle Tuber Disease
starch.
7. PPLO :Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms
1855 - "Omnis cellulacellula" by Rudolf Virchow & complete the cell theory.
8. [S] : Concentration of substrate
1856 - 1863 Mendel work on garden pea.
9. RRC : Respiratory Rhythm Centre
1860 - Hydroponics technique developed by Julie Von Sach
10. GFR : Glomerular Filtration Rate
1865 - Mendel publishes his work on inheritance of character 11. JGA : Juxta-Glomerular Apparatus
1866 - Down's Syndrome discovered by Langdon Down. 12. ANF : Atrial-Natriuretic factor
1869 - DNA as a acidic substance was 1st identified by Friedrich Meischer& termed a 13. GnRH : Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
"Nuclein" 14. GH : Growth Hormone
1891 - Fossils of Java man discovered in Java 15. PRL : Prolactin
16. TSH : Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- Henking discovered X-body (X-chromosome) in insect. (XO- type sex determination)
17. ACTH : Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone
1892 - Discovery of TMV by D.J. Ivanowsky
18. MSH : Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
1898 - M.W.Beijerinck demonstrated infectious nature of TMV
19. ADH : Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic Hormone
- Discovery of Golgi Body by Camillo Golgi.
20. T3 : Triiodothyronine
1900 - Rediscovery of Mendel's work by ---> • Hugo de Vries • Karl Corrence•
21. T4 : Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
Tschemark
22. TCT : Thyrocalcitonin
1902 - Chromosomal theory of inheritance given by Sutton &Bovery.
23. PTH : Parathyroid hormone
1905 - Law of limiting factors for plants given by Blackmann
24. CCK : Cholecystokinin
1920 - After Industrialisation =>more black moth
25. GIP : Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
1928 - Frederick Griffith's Transformation experiment on Streptococcus 26. LHC : Light Harvesting Complex
pneumonia bacteria 27. PGA :Phosphoglyceric acid
1933 – 1944 - Avery, Macleod McCarty used transformation principle of Griffith's 28. OAA :Oxalo acetic acid
29. RuBisCO : Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-
experiment & concluded that DNA is genetic material.
oxygenase.
1938 - Coelacanth/Lobe Fines caught in South Africa ---> Ancestor of amphibia.
30. NAD : Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
1947 - At the time of our independence India's population, was approximately 350
(Coenzyme).
million .
31. CoA : Coenzyme A
1950 - Electron microscope invention
32. TCA : Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid
- Tissue culture started
Cycle.
1951 - Family planning was initiated
33. ETC : Electron Transport Chain
1952 - Hershey & Chase experiment more correctly proved that DNA ie genetic 34. RQ : Respiratory Quotient
material [ #unquivocal\proof ] 35. PGRs : Plant Growth Regulators
1953 - Discovery of ribosome by George Palade. 36. NAA :Napthalene Acetic Acid
- S.L Miller Experiment of evolution. 37. 2, 4-D : 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
- Double helical structure model of DNA given by Watson & Crick. 38. GA3 : Gibberellic acid.
1958 - Matthew Meselson of Franklin Stahl experiment (E. coli in NH4CI medium) 39. PMC : Pollen mother cell/microscope mother
cell.
proved that DNA replication is semiconservative )
40. MMC : Megaspore mother cell.
- Taylor study on viciafaba plant (used radioactive thymidind and proved
semiconservative nature of DNA) 41. PEN : Primary Endosperm Nucleus.
1960 - Green Revolution. 42. hCG : Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
43. hPL : Human Placental Lactogen
1963 - Restriction endonuclease isolated from E. coli.
44. RCH : Reproductive & Child Health Care.
1963 - Wheat varieties Sonalika f Kalyan Sona (High yield & Disease resistant )
45. STDs : Sexually Transmitted Diseases
introduced in INDIA. 46. VD : Venereal disease.
1966 - Derived semi dwarf varieties of rice introduced in India. 47. RTI : Reproductive Tract Infections
1969 - R.H. Whittaker proposed FIVE-KINGDOM Classification 48. WHO : World Health Organisation
1971 - Discovery of viroids by T.O. Diener
49. MMR : Maternal Mortality Rate
- Govt. of India legalised MTP. 50. IMR : Infant Mortality Rate
1972 - Fluid Mosaic model of plasma membrane by Singer & Nicolson 51. IUDs : Intra Uterine Devices
- 1st recombinant DNA developed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer 52. OCPs : Oral Contraceptive Pills
53. MTP : Medical Termination of Pregnancy
- National committee for environmental planning and Coordination was
established. 54. ART : Assisted Reproductive Technologies
55. ZIFT : Zygote Intra-fallopian transfer
- Wild life protection act in India.
1974 - Water Act. & also Chipko movement
57. IUT : Intra Uterine Transfer
1980 - Joint Forest movement
58. IUI : Intra Uterine Insemination
1981 - Air act.
59. AIT/AI : Artificial Insemination Technique
- AIDS was fired reported 60. ICSI : Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
- Intrinsic growth rate of India (r= 0.0205) 61. IVF : In-vitro fertilisation
1983 - Eli Lilly American company human Insulin from E. coli.
62. ET : Embryo transfer
1984 - Bhopal Tragedy 63. SCA : Sickle cell Anaemia
- Ministry of Environment amd Forest. 64. PKU : Phenylketonuria
1986 - Environment Act (NEPA) 65. NHC : Non-histone Chromosomal proteins
66. snRNA : Small Nuclear RNA
1987 - Noise included in air pollution
67. hnRNA : Heterogenous Nuclear RNA
- Montreal protocol (Canada)
68. sRNA : Soluble RNA
1988 - National Forest Policy
69. UTR : Untranslated Regions
1989 - Montreal Protocol became effective.
70. HGP : Human Genome Project
1990 - Delhi ranked 4th among 41 most polluted cities.
71. ELSI : Ethical, Legal & Social Issues
1990 - First clinical gene therapy was given to 4 yr old girl with ADA deficiency eye. 72. BAC : Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
- Human Genome Project (HGP) launched 73. YAC : Yeast Artificial Chromosome
74. ESTs : Expressed Sequence Tags
75. SNPs : Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
76. VNTR : Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
77. SCRR : School of Cytogenetics & Radiation
Reserch
78. IARI : Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(New Delhi)
79. CMI : Cell - Mediated Immunity
80. MALT : Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
81. AIDS : Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
82. HIV : Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
83. ELISA : Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
84. NACO : National AIDS Control Organisation
85. NGOs : Non-Governmental Organisation
86. C-onc : Cellular Oncogenes
87. CT : Computed Tomography
88. MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
89. LSD : Lysergic acid diethyl amide
90. MOET : Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
Technology.
91. ICWMI : International Centre for Wheat & Maize
Improvement
(Mexico)
92. IRRI : International Rice Research Institute
(Philippines)
SCP : Single Cell Protein
94. LAB : Lactic Acid Bacteria
95. STPs : Sewage Treatment Plants
96. BOD : Biochemical oxygen Demand
97. DO : Dissolved Oxygen
98. KVIC : Khadi & Village Industries Commission
99. Bt :Bacillus thuringiensis.
100. NPV :Nucleopolyhedro virus
101. IPM : Integrated Pest Management
102. EcoRI :Escherichia coli RY13.
103.Ori : Origin of Replication
104. pBR322 : Plasmid
105. TiPlasmid :Tumor Inducing Plasmid
106. Taq :Thermus aquaticus
107. PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction
108.GMO : Genetically modified Organisms
109. RNAi : RNA interference
110. ADA : Adenosine deaminase
111.GEAC : Genetic Engineering Approval
Committee.
112. NCEPC : National Committee for
Environmental Planning &
Coordination (1972)
113.MOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forests
(1984)
114. INSA : Indian National Science Academy
115. NP P : Net Primary Productivity
116.GPP : Gross Primary Productivity
117.GNP : Gross National Product
118.GDP : Gross Domestic Product
119.GFC : Grazing food chain
120.DFC : Detritus food chain
121. IUCN :International Union for Conservation of
Nature &
Natural Resources
122. CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board
123. CNG : Compressed Natural Gas
124. ppb : Parts per billion
125. ppm : Parts per million
126. FOAM : Friends of Arcata Marsh
127. DU : Dobson Units
128. dB : Decibel
129. CFCs :Chloroflurocarbons
130. JFM : Joint Forest Management (1980).
Evolution Of Univers - 20 billion Years
Evolution Of Earth - 4.5 billion years
Weight Of Liver :-1.2 to 1.5 kg
Weight Of Kidney :- 120 to 170 gm
Cities and Countries in NCERT
1. Famous Royal Botanical Garden : Kew (England)
2. Indian Botanical Garden : Howrah (India)
3. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) : Lucknow
4. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) : Lucknow
5. Strobilanthuskunthianafound in :Kerela, Karnataka
&Tamilnadu.
6. Lupinus arcticus (Lupine) excavated from : Arctic Tundra
7. Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) excavated from : King
Herod’s Palace
near Dead Sea.
8. Sahiwal Cow bre d in :Punjab (through artificial se le ction&
domestication)
9. Hisardale(Sheep) develop in :Punjab (by cross -breeding)
10. Oparin : Russia
11. Haldane : England
12. S.L. Miller : America
13. Wallace Worked in : Malay Archipelago
14. Observation supporting evolution by natural selection
comes from :
England
15. Darwin worked in : Galapagos Islands
16. Coelcanth (fish) caught in : South Africa (1938).
17. Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in :
Ethiopia & Tanzania.
18. About 3-4 mya man - like primate walked in : Eastern
Africa
19. Australopithecus lived in : East African Grasslands.
20. Fossils of Homo erectus discovered in :Java (1891)
21. Neanderthal man lived in : Near East & Central Asia
22. Homo sapiens Arose in :Africa
23. Erythroxylum coca is native of :South America
24. > 70% live stock population is in : India & China
25. Saccharum barberigrown in :North India
26. Saccharum officinarum grown in :South India
27. IARI : New Delhi
28. IRRI :Phillippines
29. ICWMI : Mexico
30. Taichung Native-I develops from : Taiwan
31. IR-8 developed from : IRRI, Philippines
32. Borlaug developed semi-dwarf wheat at : ICWMI, Mexico.
33. Jaya &Ratnadeveloped in :India
34. Toddy is used in : South India
35. Penicillin was used during world war-II to treat : American
soldiers
36. Eli lily is an : American company.
37. A company which got patent rights on basmati rice :
American Company
38. Mango tree do not &can not grow in : Canada & Germany
39. Snow leopard are not found in :Kerela forests
40. High altitude place s (>3500 m) : Rohtang pass near Manali
&Mansarovar (in China occupied Tibet)
41. In 1920’s prickly pear cactus introduced in : Australia
42. Visiting flamingoes& resident fishes compete in : South
Americanlakes
43. Abingdon tortoise were found in :Galapagos Island.
44. Barnacle Balanus &Chathamalusfound in : Rocky Sea
Coasts ofcotland
45. Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in : Himalaya
46. Amazonian Rain Forest found in : South America
47. Alexander von Humboldt explored in : South America
Jungles
48. Dodo extinct from :Mauritius.
49. Quagga extinct from :Africa
50. Thylacine extinct from :Australia
51. Stellar’s sea cow extinct from : Russia
52. Lake Victoria found in : East Africa
53. Clariusgeriepinusis African catfish
54. Earth Summit held in :Rio de Janeiro
55. World Summit held in :Johannesburg (South Africa)
56. Montreal Protocol held in : Montreal (Canada)
57. Khasi &Jaintia hills in : Meghalaya
58. Aravalli hills in : Rajasthan
59. Western Ghat regions are found in : Karnataka
&Maharastra
60. Sarguja, Chanda &Bastar areas are found in :
MadhyaPradesh
61. Ahmed Khan belongs to : Bangalore
62. Ramesh Chandra Dagar related to : Sonipat (Haryana)
63. Ozone hole is particularly marked over : Antarctic region
64. Slash & Burn cultivation or Jhum cultivation done in
:North-easternstates of India.
65. Amrita Devi Bishnoi related to : Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
66. Chipko movement started in :Garhwal Himalayas
67. Keolado National Park :Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
68. Kangaroo rat found in : North American desert
 Bacterial Diseases in Humans Causative Agent
Neutrophil 62% 6 hours–few days (days in spleen and other tissue)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diptheria Corynebacterium diptheriae
Eosinophil 2.3% 8–12 days (circulate for 4–5 hours)
Cholera Vibrio cholerae
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
Basophil 0.4% A few hours to a few days
Pertussis Bordetella pertussis
Tetanus Clostridium tetani
Lymphocyte 30% Years for memory cells, weeks for all else.
Plague Yersinia pestis
Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis Treponema pallidum
Botulism Clostridium botulinum
Pseudomonas infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonellosis Salmonella enteritis
Name of organism Life-span
Viral Diseases in Humans Virus
Common cold Rhinovirus
Smallpox Variola virus Elephant 60–90 years
Rabies Rabies lyssavirus Dog 20–30 years
Hepatitis Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus Butterfly 1-2 weeks
Measles Rubeola virus Crow 15 years
Parrot 140 years
Poliomyelitis Poliovirus
Cow 20–25 years
Influenza Influenza virus (RNA virus)
Horse 60 years
Encephalitis Herpes Simplex Virus
Crocodile 60 years
Mumps Paramyxovirus Fruit fly 30 days
ADIS HIV virus Tortoise 100-150 years
Hepatities Hepatities Virus (A,B,C,D,E) Rose 5–7 years
Banana tree 25 years
Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 Rice plant 3–4 months
Banyan tree 200 years
PATAU Syndrome Trisomy 13

EDWARDS Syndrome Trisomy 18

Name of the Source Diseases used for
TURNER Syndrome Monosomy X antibiotic
Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Syphilis, Lymphonema or Reticulosis
Klinefelter Syndrome 47,XXY Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Meningitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis and Local
Infection
Chloromycetin Streptomyces venezuelae Typhoid
Sex determination in different animals Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Typhoid, Whooping cough and Diphtheria
Name Male Female Gentamicin Micromonospora Effective against Gram (+) bacteria
Human XY XX purpurea
Drosophila XY XX Tetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens Acne, urinary and intestinal tract infections,
Grasshopper (insects) XO XX conjunctivitis
Birds ZZ ZW
Starch Maltose + Isomaltose + limit dextrin.

1. Maltose Glucose + Glucose.

2. Isomaltose Glucose + Glucose.

3. Lactose (milk sugar) Glucose + Galactose.

4. Sucrose (cane sugar) Glucose + Fructose.

5. Polypeptides + Oligopeptides Amino acids.

6. Trypsinogen (inactive) Trysin (active)

7. Lipids Fatty acids + Glycerol + Monoglycerides.

8. Phospholipids Phosphorous + Fatty acids + Glycerol + Monoglycerides.

9. Polysaccharides (starch) Disaccharides

10. Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of bile into di - and monoglycerides.
11.

12. Fats Diglycerides Monoglycerides

13. Nucleases in the pancreatic juice acts on nucleic acids to form nucleotides and nucleosides.

14. Nucleic acids Nucleotides Nucleosides

15. The enzymes in the succus entericus act on the end products of the above reactions to form the respective simple absorbable forms. These final steps in digestion
occur very close to the mucosal epithelial cells of the intestine.

16. Dipeptides Amino acids

17. Maltose Glucose + Glucose

18. Lactose Glucose + Galactose

19. Sucrose Glucose + Fructose

20. Nucleotides Nucleosides Sugars + Bases

21. Di-andMonoglycerides Fatty acids+Glycerol

22.