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Strain and Hooke’s Law
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ARC1134: Module 2

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--------------- Strain --------------- --------------- Stress-strain diagram ---------------

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-
Strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to compression-testing machine. As the axial load is
the original length. It is also known as unit deformation. gradually increased in increments, the total elongation
over the gauge length is measured at each increment of
In symbols, the load and this is continued until failure of the
𝜹 specimen takes place.
𝜺=
𝑳 Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length
where: of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the
strain ε can be obtained.
𝛿 = change in length of the body in mm due to the applied force,
𝐿 = original length of the body in 𝐦𝐦, The graph of these quantities with the stress σ along
thus, ε is dimensionless the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the
stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram
differs in form for various materials. The diagram
shown is that for a medium-carbon structural steel.
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--------------- Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law) --------------- --------------- Elastic Limit ---------------
From the origin O to the point called The elastic limit is the limit beyond which
proportional limit, the stress-strain graph is a the material will no longer go back to its
straight line. This linear relation between
original shape when the load is removed,
elongation and the applied axial force was first
noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called
or it is the maximum stress that may be
Hooke's Law. In the diagram, within the developed such that there is no permanent
proportional limit, the stress is directly or residual deformation when the load is
proportional to strain or entirely removed.
𝝈 = 𝒌𝜺 The region in stress-strain diagram from O
The constant of proportionality 𝑘 is called to E is called the elastic range. The region
the Modulus of Elasticity 𝑬 and is equal to the from E to R is called the plastic range.
slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P.
The above equation then becomes
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺 5 6
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-------- Yield Point, Ultimate Strength, and Rupture Strength -------- -------- Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety --------
Yield point is the point at which the Working stress is defined as the actual stress
material will have an appreciable elongation of a material under a given loading.
or yielding without any increase in load. The maximum safe stress that a material can
carry is termed as the allowable stress. The
Ultimate strength or tensile strength is the allowable stress should be limited to values not
maximum ordinate in the stress-strain exceeding the proportional limit. However, since
diagram. proportional limit is difficult to determine
accurately, the allowable stress is taken as
Rupture strength or breaking strength is either the yield point or ultimate strength
the strength of the material just before it divided by a factor of safety.
ruptures/breaks.
The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield
strength) to allowable strength is called the
factor of safety.
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--------------- Axial Deformation --------------- --------------- Axial Deformation ---------------

In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is However, if the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can
proportional to strain and is given by be determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
Since 𝜎 = and 𝜀 = , then
𝑃 𝛿 𝑳
=𝐸
𝑷 𝒅𝒙
𝐴 𝐿 𝜹=
𝑬 𝟎 𝑨
Solving for the deformation/elongation 𝛿:
𝑷𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬 where:
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑦, and 𝑦 and 𝑡 if variable, must be expressed in terms of 𝑥
cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. 9 10

Problem 1. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb.
Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to
exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 10 psi.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Axial Deformation)

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Problem 2. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm and a length of 150 m Problem 3. A uniform concrete slab of total weight 6000 lb is to be attached, as shown
is suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower below, to two rods whose lower ends are on the same level. If the cross-sectional area of
end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m and E = 200 × 10 MN/m , find the total steel rod is 0.15 in , determine the cross-sectional area of the aluminum rod so that the
elongation of the rod. slab will remain level.

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Problem 4. The rigid bar ABC shown below is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod Problem 5. An axial load of 100 kN is applied to a flat bar 20 mm thick, tapering in
at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is width from 120 mm to 40 mm in a length of 10 m. Assuming 𝐸 = 200 GPa, determine
limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in. the total elongation of the bar.
10 m

= 100 kN
120 mm 40 mm

= 20 mm

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Practice problem 1. The rigid bar AC, attached to two vertical rods as shown below, is
horizontal before the load 𝑃 = 50 kN is applied. Determine the vertical movement of B.
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝐦𝐦

END OF LECTURE
QUESTIONS?

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