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Narrow Band DFR 1 500Hz or Variable Freq
Narrow Band DFR 1 500Hz or Variable Freq
Or
Variable frequency tan delta application and its advantage
Case Studies
Summary
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Applicable Standards
IEEE C57.12.90
• Standard test code
IEEE 62-1995 (to be replaced by
C57.152)
• Field test guide
IEC 60076
• International standard
Etc...
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Power factor – Dissipation factor – Tan delta
PF – cosine
Tan Delta – tangent
Same value for PF/tan delta < 10%
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Dissipation factor (power factor/tan delta) testing
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Tan delta and capacitance measurements
Hi
Lo
A
Ground
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Typical power factor limits for oil insulated transformers and bushings (IEEE)
IEEE 62-1995 states; “The power factors recorded for routine overall tests on older apparatus
provide information regarding the general condition of the ground and inter-winding insulation of
transformers and reactors. While the power factors for most older transformers will also be <0.5%
(20C), power factors between 0.5% and 1.0% (20C) may be acceptable; however, power factors
>1.0% (20C) should be investigated.”
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Averaging Test
• Impacts ability to see a problem as size
increases
• Impacts ability to discriminate between
localized problems (immediate attention 100 50
90 90
90
required) and widespread general 100 100 90
90
deterioration (regular monitoring) 100
Not very sensitive to problems at line frequency (as shown on next slide)
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10.00
Frequency
1 mHz 60 Hz 1kHz
! "
Power
factor
Frequency
1 mHz 60 Hz 1kHz
# $
""
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! %& !
DFR NB DFR
1000
100
% Power Factor
10
0.1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency [Hz]
LF
TRANSFORMER
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DF changes with test frequency
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0.1 mA Graph shows current (and its
components) measured vs time
that test voltage is applied in one
direction.
The frequency of the applied test
voltage determines where we get
on the graph (from time 0) before
the polarity of the applied test
voltage changes
At 50 Hz, total current is primarily
capacitive charging current and
losses due to polarization
At low frequencies, conduction
10 Hz 0.1 Hz current is dominating
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Higher
frequencies
f = 1/T Lower
frequencies DF = IR/Ic = 0.25% = 0.0025 = 1/400
%& !
A subset of DFR
PF from
1Hz to 500Hz
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% $ !
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%& !
LF PF +4 min/ test NB DFR
Ineffective in detecting problems in large insulation TanD/PF measurements at 1 to 505Hz are more
systems due to averaging & nature of components capable of revealing an emerging problem in a
large insulation specimen
Mostly insensitive until moisture is well over 2.5% Provides early indication of insulation change
including moisture
Actions only taken when insulation is severely Eases determination of sensible next steps and
contaminated or deteriorated. recommendations – decisions will be better
informed
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' ( )& %& !
3.5
3
POWER FACTOR
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
1 10 100 1000
FREQUENCY
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* "
Low voltage bushings (linear display) Low voltage bushings(logarithmic)
4.5 4.5
% PF 4 % PF 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0 0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 500 1 10 10 1000
0 0 0 0 Frequency, Hz 0 Frequency, Hz
X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3
X0 X0
, -"
Variable frequency tan delta at low voltage is a very effective method for detecting
faults like voids in paper, partial discharge and deposition of X-Wax in the bushings
and water in the insulation with high sensitivity at very initial stage. Capacitance in the
bushing with shorted conductive layer is also very sensitive at low frequency. i.e. in
mHz range.
( & $ .
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In the figure below, we see the typical shape for a new transformer, (Ch-l) where the curve
is considered generally flat. The 60Hz result is 0.34%, the slope around line frequency is
slightly positive and the maximum PF at 1 Hz is under 1%. We consider this insulation to
be in excellent condition.
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The transformer was built in 1972, which is at the end
of its useful life (>50 years old). We have seen many
transformers which are allowed to operate beyond their
designed service life, so long as no indication of issues
arise to question its reliability.
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3
EGAT – DELTA4000 | 1–500Hz 250V DFR Result | PF @ 60Hz – 0.52% AEP – DELTA4000 | 1-500Hz 250V DFR Result | PF @ 60Hz – 0.34%
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3
The IDAX result for the EGAT transformer as shown below agrees with
the DELTA4000 at 1 Hz, and so both tests are considered reliable and
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accurate
( 4 56 7
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' "
35
"
IEEE C57.12.90 section 10.10.4 Note 3 (b) states that “Experience has
shown that the variation in dissipation factor with temperature is
substantial and erratic so that no singlecorrection curve will fit all cases.”
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Individual Temperature Correction (ITC)
Actual Temperature Dependence of Insulation
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Measured TCF vs ITC Measured
Tan Delta@ Tan Delta@
Ambient temp Ambient temp
Results Result
? accurate
assessment
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Grading Capacitor @ 400 kV Sub
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Historical measurement (Dec 18th 2009):
Tan Delta @ 18 °C = 0.375 %
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& % $ !
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& %& !
Provides earlier indication of a problem in the dielectric!
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% # $
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Questions?
Power on
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