DESIGN AND CASTING OF ONE-WAY SLAB

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

RUPESH KUMAR OJHA (19011435026)

APARNA KUMARI (19011435006)
UMANG KUMAR (19011435040)
NITESH KUMAR SAW (19011435016)
POOJA MAHAKUD (19011435017)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Niranjan Kumar
(Designation, Department of Civil Engineering)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
of

CHAIBASA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Bistumpur, Jhinkpani, West Singbhum, Jharkhand 833215

2022-23
 DECLERATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have
not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

…………………………….
Signature of the Students
 CHAIBASA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “DESIGN AND CASTING OF ONE-WAY SLAB" is
the bonafide work of RUPESH KUMAR OJHA (19011435026), APARNA
KUMARI (19011435006), UMANG KUMAR (19011435040), NITESH KUMAR
SAW (19011435016), POOJA MAHAKUD (19011435017) who carried out the
project work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the
work reported herein does not form any other project report or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

………………………………………….. …………………………………………….
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr. NIRANJAN KUMAR Mr. SANTOSH KUMAR
DESIGNATION HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 ABSTRACT

The simplest routine structural element for illustration of design provisions in the
Code is the one-way slab. A one-way slab is defined for purposes of this project as
a flexural member with depth small relative to other dimensions, supporting
(gravity) loads applied normal to and directly over its surface, spanning in one
direction between parallel supports, and reinforced for flexure in that direction
only.
For purposes of analysis, one-way slabs may be restrained to any degree at the
supports or may be unrestrained. A number of Code provisions refer to “flexural
members,” which include one- and two-way slabs, beams, girders, footings, and,
where bending exists with the axial load, walls and columns.

“In this project report, design of one-way slab along with laboratory test of
materials used for casting of one-way slab is discussed briefly.”
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my guide, Mr. NIRANJAN KUMAR

his valuable guidance, consistent encouragement, personal caring, timely help and
providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing the project. All through the work,
in spite of his busy schedule, he has extended cheerful and cordial support to me for
completing this project work.

Signature of the Students

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

 CHAPTER 2: CLASSIFICATION AND CODAL PROVISIONS

 CHAPTER 3: LAB TEST OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

 CHAPTER 4: LAB TEST OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Ly = Length of shorter span
Lx = Length of longer span
IS = Indian standard
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A slab is a flat two-dimensional planar structural element having thickness small

compared to its other two dimensions. It provides a working flat surface or a covering
shelter in buildings. It primarily transfers the load by bending in one or two directions.
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the decks
of bridges. The floor system of a structure can takes many forms such as in situ solid
slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units.
Slabs may be supported on monolithic concrete beam, steel beams, walls or directly over
the columns.
“A one-way slab is a type of slab, which is supported by a parallel beam or wall,

so it can be viewed as a two-dimensional structure. There is a large width and

shallow depth of this beam, making it an excellent shallow beam.’’

According to IS 456:2000, the slab is called one way slab when the ratio of longer
span(L) to shorter span(B) which is (L/B) greater than 2. In general practices, a One-
way slab is supported by two parallel walls or beam.
 CHAPTER 2

CLASSIFICATION AND CODAL PROVISIONS

[ IS 456:2000]

Slabs are classified based on many aspects

1) Based of shape: Square, rectangular, circular and polygonal in shape.

2) Based on type of support: Slab supported on walls, Slab supported on beams,

Slab supported on columns (Flat slabs).

3) Based on support or boundary condition: Simply supported, Cantilever slab,

overhanging slab, Fixed or Continues slab.

4) Based on use: Roof slab, Floor slab, Foundation slab, Water tank slab.

5) Basis of cross section or sectional configuration: Ribbed slab /Grid slab,

Solid slab, Filler slab, Folded plate

6) Basis of spanning directions: One way slab – Spanning in one direction Two-
way slab _ Spanning in two directions.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The analysis of slabs is extremely complicated because of the influence of number

of factors stated above. Thus, the exact (close form) solutions are not easily
available. The various methods are:

a) Classical methods – Levy and Navier’s solutions (Plate analysis)

b) Yield line analysis – Used for ultimate /limit analysis
c) Numerical techniques – Finite element and Finite difference method.
d) Semi empirical – Prescribed by codes for practical design which uses
coefficients

GENERAL GUIDELINES
a. Effective span of slab:
Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two
1. l = clear span + d (effective depth)
2. l = Center to center distance between the support
b. Depth of slab:
The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. the trail depth
can be obtained using:
• Effective depth d= Span /((l/d) Basic x modification factor)
• For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed
from 0.2 to 0.5%
c. Load on slab:
The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load. The loads are
calculated per unit area (load/m2).
Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 (Where D is thickness of slab in m)
Floor finish (Assumed as) = 1 to 2 kN/m2
Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy of the building)
DETAILING REQUIREMENTS AS PER IS 456: 2000

a. Nominal Cover:
For Mild exposure – 20 mm
For Moderate exposure – 30 mm

However, if the diameter of bar does not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5
mm. Thus, for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure,
the nominal cover is 15 mm

b. Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be

less than
• 0.15% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-250 steel
• 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.

c. Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

• Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
• Distribution steel –5d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
Where, ‘d’ is the effective depth of slab.
Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100
mm) though code do not recommend any value.

d. Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not
exceed D/8,
where D is the total thickness of slab.
BEHAVIOR OF ONE-WAY SLAB

When a slab is supported only on two parallel apposite edges, it spans only in the
direction perpendicular to two supporting edges. Such a slab is called one way slab.
Also, if the slab is supported on all four edges and the ratio of longer span(ly) to shorter
span (lx) i.e., ly/lx > 2, practically the slab spans across the shorter span. Such a slabs
are also designed as one-way slabs.
In this case, the main reinforcement is provided along the spanning direction to resist
one way bending.
 CHAPTER 3
LAB TEST OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Object: To determine the specific gravity of cement using Specific Gravity Bottle.
Apparatus
a) Specific Gravity Bottle - 100 ml capacity
b) Balance capable of weighing accurately up to 0.1 gm.
Procedure
Weigh a clean and dry Specific Gravity Bottle with its stopper (W1). Place a sample of
cement up to half of the flask (about 50 gm) and weight with its stopper (W2). Add
kerosene (polar liquid) to cement in flask till it is about half full. Mix thoroughly with
glass rod to remove entrapped air. Continue stirring and add more kerosene till it is
flush with the graduated mark. Dry the outside and weigh (W3). Entrapped air may be
removed by vacuum pump, if available. Empty the flask, clean it refills with clean
kerosene flush with the graduated mark wipe dry the outside and weigh (W4).
Observations and Calculations
(W2-W1)
Specific gravity= -------------------------------- X 0.79
(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)
Where W1= weight of empty flask
W2= weight of flask + cement.
W3= weight of flask + cement + kerosene
W4= weight of flask + kerosene.
0.79= specific gravity of kerosene
Limit: Specific gravity of cement = 3.15 g/cc.
W1 = 77 gm
W2 = 127 gm
W3 = 196 gm
W4 = 159 gm

(127-77)
S.G. = ------------------------------ X 0.79
(127-77) – (196-159)

= 3.038

Results: Specific gravity of cement is 3.038

 CHAPTER 4
LAB TEST OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
Object: To determine the specific gravity of fine aggregate.

Apparatus

(a) Pycnometer bottle of 900 ml capacity

(b)Taping rod

(c) Funnel

(d) Weighing balance

Procedure

1. Take a clean, dry pycnometer and determine its empty weight (W1 g)

2. Take a clean sample of fine aggregate (about 1kg) for which specific gravity is
to be find out and transfer that to the pycnometer and weight (W2, g). The
aggregates finer than 6.3mm are taken

3. Pour distilled water in the pycnometer with aggregate sample at the temperature
at 27 °C, to just immerse sample.

4. Immediately after immersion, remove the entrapped air from the sample by
shaking or rotating the pycnometer, placing a finger on the hole at the top of the
sealed pycnometer.

5. Wipe out the outer surface of pycnometer. Now the pycnometer is completely
filled up with water till the hole at the top, and after confirming that there is no
more entrapped air in pycnometer weight it (W3, g).

6 Transfer the aggregate of the pycnometer into a try care being taken to ensure
that all the aggregate is transferred Clean the pycnometer
7. Refill the pycnometer with distilled water up to the top of the pycnometer,
without any entrapped air. It should be completely dry from outside and take the
weight (W4, g)

8. For mineral filler specific gravity bottle is used and the material is filled up to
one third of the capacity of bottle. The rest of the process of determining specific
gravity is similar to the one described above.

Observations and Calculations:

(W2-W1)

Specific gravity = --------------------------------

(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)

Where W1 = Weight of pycnometer

W2 = Weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate

W3 = Weight of pycnometer + water + fine aggregate

W4 = Weight of pycnometer + water

W1 = 638 gm

W2 = 1138 gm

W3 = 1809 gm

W4 = 1505 gm

(1138-638)

S.G. = ------------------------------ = 2.55

(1138-638) – (1809-1505)

Results: Specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.55