© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C.

Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

- Exercise
Circuit Design

transistors
small-signal-modelling of
Chapter 5: Linearization and

19
 Exercise 5.1
Y-Parameter of the npn bipolar transistor
Given are the Y-parameter equations describing linear two-ports:
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

a) Which electrical quantity do the Y-parameters correspond to?

b) How can we determine the two-port Y-parameters , , and generally?

c) Draw an equivalent circuit of a linear two-port, based on the parameters , , and .

Only use resistors, current sources and voltages sources.
(Hint: The sources may depend on currents and voltages inside the equivalent circuit.)

d) Draw the npn bipolar transistor as a two-port. Label the base, the collector and the emitter.
Label the input currents and applied voltages.
Which currents/voltages correspond to , , and ?

20
 Exercise 5.1
Y-Parameter of the npn bipolar transistor

e) Which equations describe the relation between the collector current, base current,
base-emitter-voltage and collector-emitter-voltage of an npn bipolar transistor in
forward-active mode?
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

Which of these equations describes the input characteristic of the transistor?

(input characteristic: )
Which of these equations describes the output characteristic of the transistor?
(output characteristic: )

21
 Exercise 5.1
Y-Parameter of the npn bipolar transistor
Assume the following Q-point:
, , , , .

Taylor series:
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

( )

Linearization:

two-dimensional:
, ,

f) Linearize the input characteristic of the npn bipolar transistor at the given Q-point.
Use the two-dimensional Taylor series.
g) Linearize the output characteristic of the npn bipolar transistor at the given Q-point.
Use the two-dimensional Taylor series.

22
 Exercise 5.1
Y-Parameter of the npn bipolar transistor
Two-port Y-parameter equations:
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

Taylor series:
( )

Linearization:

two-dimensional:
, ,

h) Apply the Taylor series to the two-port Y-parameter equations nd .

23
 Exercise 5.1
Y-Parameter of the npn bipolar transistor
i) Transform the results from f), g) and h) into matrices of the following form:

,
,
,
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

and

,
,
,

j) Determine the parameters , ( at Q-point), , ( at Q-point), , ( at Q-point)

und , ( at Q-point) of a linearized npn bipolar transistor, based on the results of i).
Assume: , ; , ; , ; ,

k) Redraw the equivalent circuit from c) and insert the derived Y-parameters of a linearized npn
bipolar transistor. Simplify the circuit as much as possible (delete redundant components).
Use the parameters , , and (if possible and not redundant).

24
 Exercise 5.1
Discussion of the results
 The derived equivalent circuit is called Hybrid-p-equivalent circuit
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

 The equivalent circuit can be applied to calculate small-signal currents and voltages.

 The total transistor currents and voltages can be determined by summation of the
currents/voltages at the Q-point (determined by DC analysis)
and the small-signal currents and voltages:
,
,

 This is only an approximation! We assume that the amplitudes of the transistor currents and
voltages do not deviate much from the Q-point currents and voltages and the transistor behaves
linear.

25
 Exercise 5.1
Discussion of the results
 Advantages of this way of calculating transistor currents and voltages:
+ simple calculation of currents and voltages
+ we only use linear components (linear networks, analytical solvability)
+ in the small-signal-analysis we do not have to apply non-linear equations of the transistor
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

+ operation of circuits understood easily

 Disadvantages of this way of calculating transistor currents and voltages:

- only approximation, no fully correct result
- not applicable if currents and voltages deviate much from Q-point
- the small-signal-equivalent circuit leads to big errors if the transistor leaves the mode of operation
.

26
 Exercise 5.2
Graphical determination of Hybrid-p-EQC parameters
Given is the transistor characteristic in Fig. 1.
Assume the following Q-point:

a) Which quadrants show the transistor input and the transistor output characteristic?
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

b) Determine the transistor‘s small-signal input resistance and the transconductance .

c) Is the Q-point chosen wisely?

Now assume the following Q-point:

d) Determine the transistor‘s small-signal output resistance .
e) How large is the output resistance if no Early-Effect is present?
.

Fig. 1 Quelle: Wikipedia, Bipolartransistor

27
 © Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

Exercise 5.2

Fig. 1 Quelle: Wikipedia, Bipolartransistor

Graphical determination of Hybrid-p-EQC parameters

28
 © Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

Exercise 5.2

Fig. 1 Quelle: Wikipedia, Bipolartransistor

Graphical determination of Hybrid-p-EQC parameters

29
 Exercise 5.3
Transformation into the Hybrid-p-EQC
Given is the npn bipolar transistor equivalent circuit in Fig. 2, derived from H-parameter analysis.
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Transform the given equivalent circuit into the Hybrid-p-equivalent circuit.

30
 Exercise 5.4
NMOS Y-Parameter
Given are the Y-parameter equations describing linear two-ports:
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

a) Draw the NMOS as a two-port. Label the gate, the drain and the source.
Label the input currents and applied voltages.
Which currents/voltages correspond to , , and ?

b) Which equations describe the relation between the gate current, drain current, gate-source-
voltage and drain-source-voltage of an NMOS in saturation region? Neglect the body-effect.

Assume the following Q-point: , , , .

c) Repeat the derivation of transistor Y-parameters (exercise 4.1), apply to a linearized NMOS
instead of a bipolar transistor. Neglect the body-effect.

31
 Exercise 5.4
NMOS Y-Parameter
Assume: , ; , ; , ; ,

d) Which Y-parameters are zero?

© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking

e) Redraw the equivalent circuit and insert the derived Y-parameters of a linearized npn bipolar
transistor. Simplify the circuit as much as possible (delete redundant components).
Use the parameters , , and (if possible and not redundant).

f) Explain the body-effect.

g) Extend the equivalent circuit to consider the body-effect as well.

Therefore, assume .

32
 Exercise 5.5
Circuit analysis methods
Given is the following table and it‘s entries.
Match the entries to the corresponding analysis methods and insert into the table.
Hints: One row has to be kept empty and some entries have to be allocated to the same cell.
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Scheytt, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, University of Paderborn, picture: © Fotolia, chungking
Non-linear analysis
Linear analysis
Large-signal analysis
- static (DC analysis)
or
- dynamic
Linear approximation
Complete transistor model applied
(formulas/ tables/ graphs/…)
If static: Currents and voltages in
the Q-point
Only applicable for small small-
signal amplitudes, i.e. good
approximation
Type of analysis
Manual analysis on paper is
difficult to perform
• Frequency points given
• Currents and voltages are
calculated for each frequency
point (with approximations)
Large-signals
Large-signals
Ideal for amplitudes ∆𝑣 → 0 and
∆𝑖 → 0
DC starting point calculated.
Afterwards, for given time steps,
current and voltage changes
(regarding previous steps) are
calculated
Operation Result Notes/
Disadvantages
Assumption: Deviation from real behavior is Deviation from real behavior
The total signal does not deviate very high if the transistor changes through limited small with of
much from the Q-point signals mode of operation time steps ∆𝑡
(the small-signal amplitudes
are small) Complete, time-dependent model
→ good approximation applied (time-dependent
If static:
constant currents and voltages differential equations/ graphs/…)
(no time- or frequency-
Time-dependent voltages and dependency) Frequency-dependent currents
currents and voltages
Transient analysis
Small-signal-Analysis/
AC-Analysis
• Previously performed DC analysis required
Small-signals (Q-point calculation)
• Approximation of first order applied (at the Q-point)
a) Taylor series of first order applied to formulas
Ideal for ∆𝑡 → 0 b) Equates replacement of graphs by straight lines
c) Can be performed by insertion of small-signal-equivalent circuits.
Static: Required if AC-Analysis
follows
33