Our Lady of Fatima University- Antipolo

College of Hospitality and Institutional Management

STAS111

Name: Audal, Juvylin F.

Year & Section: BSITM-TTO 3-B-3

Define the following:

1. Geocentric model- In the ancient world, the geocentric model was the most widely held
theory of the universe's structure. Every other celestial body is said to revolve around the
earth, which is said to be in the center of the universe. It is clear where this hypothesis
came from; it is simple, unaided observation of the motion of celestial objects. An object
in the sky often appears to follow the same course and rises and sets roughly at the same
locations on the horizon from the east and west, respectively. Moreover, the earth
constantly appears to be still and immobile. As a result, the most likely explanation is that
these objects orbit the planet in circles. After doing years of investigation, Nicolaus
Copernicus started developing his version of the heliocentric model in the 16th century.
Copernicus, like others before him, drew from the work of a number of classical
astronomers who opposed the geocentric theory and paid homage to the Maragha school
and other important Islamic scholars. Not every celestial body revolves around a single
point. The lunar sphere, or the moon's orbit around Earth, is centered at Earth. The Sun,
which is close to the universe's center, is the point of rotation for every sphere. As a result,
the distance between Earth and the Sun is a negligible portion of the distance between Earth
and the stars.
In the geocentric model, the earth is considered as the center of the universe, and all celestial
bodies move around the earth (planets, moon, sun and the stars).

2. Heliocentric model- In the heliocentric model, the sun is considered as the center of the
universe, and the celestial bodies move around the sun. The Solar System's heliocentric model is
the one that centers on the Sun. It runs counter to the geocentric theory, which centers the solar
system on the Earth. The heliocentric model of the Solar System was initially proposed by the
Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos. Nonetheless, until Copernicus's
publication of On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, his theories were seen as unorthodox.
Despite his groundbreaking beliefs, Copernicus made a lot of mistakes. One of these was the fact
that planetary revolutions were circular rather than elliptical. Galileo Galilei ultimately proved
Copernicus' theories, and he also used empirical data to make a number of additional discoveries.
3. Evolution- The process of natural selection is used to change a species' features over many
generations in biology, and this process is known as evolution. The theory of evolution is
predicated on the notion that all species? are connected and progressively alter over time. Does
genetic diversity support evolution? in a population that has an impact on an organism's phenotypic
(physical) features. While Charles Darwin's work (see the entry on Darwinism) is usually the
starting point for contemporary understandings of evolution, it's interesting to note that he does
not use the term in the first edition of On the Origin of Species, preferring instead to "descent with
modification." Evolution in its contemporary meaning in biology typically refers to the changes in
the proportions of biological types in a population over time. Population genetics, which provided
a mathematicalization of Darwinian evolutionary theory in light of Mendelian genetics, was born
in the early to mid-20th century as a result of the "modern synthesis" (see also the entry on
ecological genetics). This led to a common interpretation of evolution—possibly the most common
understanding—as "any change in the frequency of alleles within a population from one generation
to the next."
There is different type of evolution namely;
convergent evolution- when the same adaptations separately develop while experiencing
comparable selection pressures for instance, the capacity to fly has evolved separately in flying
insects, birds, and bats.
Co-evolution- when two species—or groups of species—have developed together and one of them
has adapted to the other's changes. for example, blossoming plants and bees or other pollinators.

Adaptive radiation- As an environmental shift makes new resources available or poses new
environmental problems, a species splits into a number of new forms. To take advantage of the
various types of food that are available on various islands, finches in the Galapagos Islands, for
instance, have evolved varied shaped beaks.
4. Natural selection- The method through which populations of living things adapt and transform
is called natural selection. The fact that each person in a population is unique in certain aspects is
referred to as natural variation. Because of this difference, some people have characteristics that
are more environment-appropriate than others. A person is more likely to live and reproduce if
they possess adaptive qualities, or traits that provide them an advantage. The adaptive features are
then transmitted to the progeny by these people. These helpful qualities spread across the
population over time. Natural variation among individuals, or how each person differs in some
ways, is the fundamental tenet of natural selection. Changes happen randomly and there is this
variation within the organisms. Favorable qualities are passed down through generations through
the process of natural selection. This process can result in speciation, which is the process by which
one species gives rise to another that is distinctly different. It is a fundamental step in evolution
and explains some of the diversity of life on Earth.
5. Structure of personality- Personality structures, which are characterized as patterns of
covariation in behavior, including thoughts and feelings, are the outcomes of these processes in
interaction with situational affordances and regularities. It is not possible to assume that processes
are set up in a manner that exactly matches the structure that is visible. Freud postulated that the
Id, Ego, and Superego make up the three parts of human personality. While envisioned as three
separate structures, they are actually in constant interaction with one another. Using the metaphor
of an iceberg makes it simple to visualize the structures. It shows the Id, which represents the
unconscious, totally submerged beneath the water's surface, the Ego, which represents the
conscious and preconscious, primarily floating above it, and the Superego, which is primarily
submerged beneath the water's surface but occasionally reaches the surface. t (the unconscious,
preconscious, and conscious). Each element contributes something distinctively different to
personality, and the three interact in ways that have a significant impact on a person. At various
times during life, each personality trait manifests itself.

In a 500-word essay, discuss how the structures of personality affect your decision making

Contrary to popular belief, personality qualities have a significantly greater influence on

decision-making. Some people are unsure of themselves by nature. The majority of their selections
are really challenging for them. These people, when they do make a decision, tend to be quite
devoted to it. You probably know someone like this.
My decision-making process will be influenced by how I respond to the world most
frequently; this also makes it distinct from other people's. One straightforward approach to sum up
how I respond to the outside world is to state that I react either from the mind, heart, or gut.
Whether I make decisions logically or emotionally depends on my personality. I like to approach
things logically, but I also just know and feel more emotionally about life than you might expect.
When making a decision, I always make sure to consider all three factors—my intellect, my heart,
and my gut—and use a holistic approach when all three are in balance. Rough choices are simply
difficult. It is impossible to avoid this. Yet, by adopting a strategy and comprehending how my
personalities influence my decisions, I can make them a little bit simpler.
In this view, decision-making is multi-determined, which means that several factors are
active at once. As I make decisions every day, my personality traits and motivating factors work
together with my values, needs, and goals. Whether I approach decisions logically or emotionally,
impulsively or cautiously, spontaneously or intentionally, depends on my "style." If I have an
adventurous and daring personality, I might discover that I make judgments quickly, even
impulsively, as opposed to my analytical counterpart who might need to analyze all the options.
The decision-making process is intriguing since we are in complete control. All of my life
decisions are influenced by my unique personality. My personality has a significant impact on the
choices I make and the method by which I make them, together with my level of maturity,
experience, and ego strengths (how I handle stress and retain equilibrium). It all starts with how I
define myself. For instance, if my self-worth is determined by how I appear, my first decisions of
the day will probably be influenced by fashion, but my type-A counterpart will likely be planning
the day's agenda for productivity.
In line with this, supply chain management and operations both heavily rely on decision-
making. The dispositional traits of people have been undervalued as a significant determinant of
the caliber of people's decisions as a result of this paradigm. Most supply chains depend on people
to operate properly, and their performance is affected by their interactions with people. It is thought
that one of the most important issues is making wise decisions, which in turn improve performance.
The actual process of making decisions, meanwhile, does not involve themselves but rather a
variety of people who make use of their knowledge and free time. There is insufficient
consideration of human behavior in operations and supply chain decision-making. Explored,
especially in complicated decision-making situations, a deeper understanding of behavioral
concerns can help make better judgments and run more effectively.
To sum up everything, the quality of a person's decisions and their level of confidence in
those decisions are all influenced by dispositional features such as personality traits and level of
domain expertise, which are dispositional characteristics. While decision quality relates to the
decision-making process and the likelihood of successful outcomes, decision confidence refers to
the degree to which the decision-maker believes the conclusion will be realized.