5.

Impossible Event

As {} is a subset of S and
is called impossible event

Throwing a die example where S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

6. Certain Event

An event which is sure to occur in any given experiment is a certain event. The
probability of this type of event is 1.

As S itself is a subset of S and

is called certain event

Throwing a die example where S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

{1,2,3,4,5,6} is a subset of S
Example-3

Consider three vehicles taking a particular freeway exit turns left (L) or
right (R) at the end of the exit ramp. Find the probability that:
a. All three vehicles turn left direction.
b. One from three vehicles turns right.
c. Two vehicles turn right while one turns left.
d. All three vehicles turn in the same
direction.
e. At least one vehicle turns left.
f. At most one vehicle turns right.

Solution

S={LLL, LLR, LRL, RLL, RRL, RLR, LRR, RRR}

a. All three vehicles turn left direction.

Let event A denotes all three vehicles turn left

A={LLL}
b. One from three vehicles turns
right
Let event B denotes one from three vehicles turns right.
B={LLR, LRL, RLL}

c. Two vehicles turn right while one turns left.

Let event C denotes two vehicles turn right while one turns left.
C={RRL, RLR, LRR}

d. All three vehicles turn in the same direction

Let event D denotes all three vehicles turn in the same direction.
D={LLL, RRR}
e. At least one vehicle turns left
Let event E denotes at least one vehicle turns left.
E={LLL, LLR, LRL, RLL, RRL, RLR, LRR}

f. At most one vehicle turns left

Let event F denotes at most one vehicle turns left.
F={LRR, RRL, RLR, RRR}
Example-4

Two gas stations are located at a certain intersection. Each one has six gas
pumps. The number of pumps in use at each of two six-pump gas stations is
observed. Find the probability that:

a. The number of pumps in use is the same for both

stations.
b. The total number of pumps in use is four.
c. At most one pump is in use at each station.
d. At least one pump is in use at each station.
 Solution S= {(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(0,4),(0,5),(0,6),
(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),
(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),
(3,0), (3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),
(4,0), (4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
(5,0),(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),
(6,0),(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
a. The number of pumps in use is the same for both
stations.
Let event A denotes the number of pumps in use is the same for both stations.

A={(0,0),(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}

b. The total number of pumps in use is four.

a. Let event B denotes the total number of pumps in use is four.

B={(4,0),(0,4),(2,2),(1,3),(3,1)}
c. At most one pump is in use at each station

a. Let event C denotes at most one pump is in use at each station.

C={(0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1)}

d. At least one pump is in use at each station

a. Let event D denotes at least one pump is in use at each station.

D= {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),
((6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
Example-5

A number is selected from integers 2 to 15. Find the probability that it is a

prime number.
Solution
S={2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14}

Let A denotes an event that the selected number is prime

A={2,3,5,7,11,13}

Example-6

A container contains three red and two white . If two balls are selected at random find
the probability that:

a. Both are red balls

b. One red and one
white ball
c. Both are white balls
 Solution

Sampl W1 W2 W1 R1 W1 R2 W1 R3 W2 R1 W2 R2 W2 R3 R1 R2 R1 R3 R2 R3
e
space

a. Both are red balls

Let event A denotes two red balls R1 R2

A={R1 R2, R1 R3, R2, R3} W1
R3 W2

Combinations

b. One red and one white ball

Let event B denotes one red and one white ball
n=No of items in a set
B={W1 R1, W1 R2, W1 R3, W2 R1, W2 R2, W2 R3}
r=No of items selected
from the set
 Note:
For the given example
0!=1
For sample 1!=1
space 2!=2.1=2
n=No of items in set=5 3!=3.2.1=6
4!=4.3.2.1=24
r=No of items selected from the set=2 5!=5.4.3.2.1=120

For event A

n=No of red balls =3

r=No of items selected from the red balls set=2

For event B