Group Members: Group No.

2
1. Siy, Stuart Michael A. Section: BSN 1-NB
2. Tinoñga, Maria Alexa T.
Date Submitted:
3. Uy, Jarick Angelo A.
September 26, 2021
4. Yema, Maria Lea Anthoinette Q.

Expt. 1 Qualitative Analysis of Functional Groups

LAB REPORT
SCORE Siy Tinoñga Uy Yema
Pre-lab Data
Data and
Observations
Post-lab
Questions
Sub-total
Participation
Online Pre-lab
Quiz
Total Score

I. Objectives

To identify and characterize physical properties of the given organic function compounds:

EA. To perform the Baeyer’s Test to Cyclohexane, Linoleic Acid, and Bromobenzene and to perform the
Ignition Test to Benzophenone and Cyclohexane using reagents: acetone and potassium permanganate

EB. To perform the Jones Oxidation Test to 1-Butanol, 2-Butanol, tert-Butanol alcohol using reagents:
acetone and Jones reagent

EC. To perform the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test, Tollen’s Test, and Fehling’s Test to Formaldehyde,
Benzaldehyde, and Acetone using reagent: 2,4-DNPH, Tollen’s reagent, and Fehling’s A and B reagents

ED. To perform Sodium Bicarbonate Test to 5% acetic acid and succinic acid using reagents: methanol
and sodium bicarbonate

II. Apparatus: III. Symbols of Chemicals:

● Test tube rack ● Cyclohexane (C6H12)
● Test tubes ● Linoleic acid (C18H32O2)
● Graduated cylinders ● Bromobenzene (C6H5Br)
● Droppers ● 1-Butanol (C4H10O)
 ● Alcohol Lamp ● 2-Butanol (C4H10O)
● Spatula ● tert-Butanol (C4H10O)
● Formaldehyde (CH2O)
● Benzaldehyde (C7H6O)
● Acetone (C3H6O)
● Acetic acid, 5% (C2H4O2)
● Succinic acid (C4H6O4)
● Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
● Jones reagent (C3H8CrO8S)
● 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (C6H6N4O4)
● Tollen’s reagent (Ag(NH3)2OH)
● Fehling’s A reagent (CuH2O4S)
● Feling’s B reagent (KNaC4H4O6·4H2O)
● Methanol (CH3OH)
● Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

IV. Procedure: (Note: Write schematic diagram on the sheet provided.)

V. Data and Observations

A. PRELIMINARY TEST (Hydrocarbons)

Properties Cyclohexane Linoleic acid Bromobenzene
Physical Liquid Liquid Baeyer’s test: Solid (grain like)
State Ignition test: Liquid
Color Colorless Colorless to Pale yellow White & Colorless

Odor Sweet, pungent odor Low odor Pleasant aromatic odor

A1. BAEYER TEST FOR MULTIPLE BONDS

Test Product Description Chemical Equation
Compounds
Appearance of brown C6H12 + KMnO4 + C3H6O -> MnO2
Cyclohexane suspension of manganese
dioxide is seen.

An appearance of a white C18H32O2 + KMnO4 + C3H6O -> no reaction

Linoleic Acid cloudy suspension is
evident and there is no
brown suspension.

C6H5Br + KMnO4 + C3H6O -> no reaction

Bromobenzen Colorless appearance and
e no brown suspension is
present.
A2. IGNITION TEST FOR HIGH DEGREES OF UNSATURATION
Test Product Description Chemical Equation
Compounds
A high intensity yellow C6H5Br + HEAT -> C6H6
Bromobenzen Sooty flame is produced
e and a pitch-black soot is
present on the spatula,
indicating the completion
of combustion.

A low intensity Yellow C6H12 + HEAT -> C6H6

sooty flame is produced,
Cyclohexane and less soot is given off
during combustion.

B. PRELIMINARY TEST (Alcohol)

Properties 1-Butanol 2-Butanol tert-Butanol
Physical State Liquid Liquid Solid or Liquid

Color Colorless Colorless Colorless

Odor Rancid Sweet Sweet odor Camphor-like odor

odor

B1. JONES OXIDATION

Test Chemical Equation
Product Description
Compounds
The solution changed to a C4H10O + C3H8CrO8S in (CH3)2CO → C4H8O2
1-Butanol blue-green color.

The solution changed to a C4H10O + C3H8CrO8S in (CH3)2CO → C4H8O

2-Butanol blue-green color.

The solution has an C4H10O + C3H8CrO8S in (CH3)2CO➝ no reaction

tert-Butanol orange-yellow color on
top separated from the
blue color on the bottom.
C. PRELIMINARY TEST (Aldehydes and Ketones)
Prelimin
ary Formaldehyde Benzaldehyde Aceto
Tests ne
Physical Gas Liquid Liquid
State
Color Colorless Colorless Colorless

Odor Strong pickle-like Almond-like odor Fruity

odor

C1. 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE TEST (General Test for Carbonyl Compounds)

Test Product Description Chemical Equation
Compounds
Formation of a
Formaldehyde concentrated yellow CH2O + C6H6N4O4 ➝ H2O + C6H6N4O4
viscous solution.

Formation of a yellow
Benzaldehyde translucent solution along C7H6O + C6H6N4O4 ➝ H2O + C13H10N4O4
with the reactant at the
bottom of the solution
that did not mix up with
the entire compound.
Formation of an orange
Acetone solution with the reactant C3H6O + C6H6N4O4 ➝ H2O + C9H10N4O4
floating on top of the
solution.

C2. TOLLEN'S TEST (General Test for Aldehydes)

Test Product Description Chemical Equation
Compounds
Formation of a
Formaldehyde concentrated dark HCOH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → HCOOH + 2Ag + H2O +
solution with a silver 4NH3
mirror encrypted at the
glass of the test tube.
A formation of a light
Benzaldehyde gray C6H5CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + H2O → C7H6O2 + 2Ag
(almost clear) solution. + 2H20 + 4NH3

A formation of a clear
Acetone gray solution. C3H6O + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + H2O → No reaction
 C3. FEHLING'S TEST (General Test for Aliphatic Aldehydes)
Test Cpd. Product Description Chemical Equation

A prolonged formation of
Formaldehyde red to purple solution
along with the bubbles in H2CO + Cu2+ + 3OH-→ HCOO- + Cu + 2H2O
the test tube.

Formation of a rich blue C₇H₆O + Cu2+ + OH-→ No reaction

Benzaldehyde solution with fewer
bubbles.
Formation of a rich blue
Acetone solution but with more C3H6O + Cu2+ + OH-→ No reaction
bubbles.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons? (5 points)

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Due to the presence of
single or multiple bonds between carbon atoms, hydrocarbons are classified into two, mainly, saturated
hydrocarbons (alkanes) and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes & aromatic hydrocarbons).
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. In these compounds, each carbon atom is
bonded directly to four other atoms. Hence, all carbon atoms are fully occupied by making four bonds.
Alkanes and cycloalkane families of hydrocarbons are examples of saturated hydrocarbons. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons, on the other hand, contain multiple bonds such as carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. They
are more reactive compared to saturated hydrocarbons (Yashoda, 2017).

Reference:

Yashoda, B. (2017, June 11). Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Pediaa.
Retrieved from: https://pediaa.com/difference-between-saturated-and-unsaturated-
hydrocarbons/
 2. Describe the results for both saturated and unsaturated samples in Baeyer and Ignition tests.
Why do they have different reaction behaviors? (5 points)

The results for both saturated (cyclohexane) and unsaturated (linoleic acid and bromobenzene) samples in
Baeyer and Ignition tests, yielded different results.

For the Baeyer's test, the saturated compound, which is cyclohexane, produced a brown suspension of
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) while the unsaturated compounds, which are the linoleic acid and
bromobenzene, had decolorized the purple substance into a colorless solution.

In the Ignition test for high degree of unsaturation, only the bromobenzene and cyclohexane were used. The
bromobenzene had a high intensity yellow sooty flame and it resulted in a wide pitch-black soot on the
spatula. The cyclohexane, on the other hand, had a low intensity yellow sooty flame but produced less soot
in the spatula compared to the other test compound which is bromobenzene.

The different reactions are due to their hydrocarbon classification. The cyclohexane is a saturated compound
while the linoleic acid and bromobenzene are unsaturated compounds. With that, saturated compounds are
less reactive, and the unsaturated compounds are more reactive.

3. What is the Jones Oxidation test for? (4 points)

The Jones test utilizes chromium trioxide in the presence of sulfuric acid to act as a powerful oxidizing agent.
In the presence of the Jones' reagent, a primary alcohol is first converted into an aldehyde and then into a
carboxylic acid, while a secondary alcohol will be oxidized into a ketone.

Among the given samples, which yielded a positive response? (2 points)

Samples 1-butanol and 2-butanol yielded a positive result shown by the change of the solution to blue green.
The sample tert-butyl yielded a negative result, proven by the solution sustain the orange-yellow color
separated by the color blue on the bottom.

Describe the appearance of a positive and a negative result. (4 points)

A positive result is marked by the formation of a green color within 15 seconds upon addition of the orange-
yellow reagent to a primary or secondary alcohol. A negative result on the other hand is seen by adding the
Jones reagent to primary and secondary alcohols causing the solution to change colors from orange to dark
green.
 4. What is the 2,4-DNPH test for? (4 points)

The 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine is used to qualitatively identify the carbonyl functionality of an aldehyde or

ketone functional group. If a positive test is obtained by the development of a precipitate known as a
dinitrophenylhydrazone, orange, red, or yellow, the alkene ozonolysis produces 2,4-DNPH test positive.

Among the given samples, which yielded a positive response?

Among the given samples, only the compound benzaldehyde showed or yielded a positive response. A
positive test is signaled by the formation of a yellow, orange or red precipitate of the
dinitrophenylhydrazone. Aromatic carbonyls give red precipitates whereas aliphatic carbonyls give more
yellow color. And benzaldehyde is an example of an aromatic compound, which gives a red precipitate.

Describe the appearance of a positive and a negative result. (4 points)

A positive test is indicated by the formation of a precipitate known as dinitrophenylhydrazone, yellow,
orange, or red, similar only to what benzaldehyde displayed. A negative test results when the reagent and
compound mixes together and the precipitate is not visible.

5. How do the subsequent tests (Tollen’s, Fehlings) differentiate between an aldehyde and a
ketone? (5 points)
Aldehyde is a functional group that has a hydrogen group bonded to a carbon-oxygen double bond while
ketones do not have hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen in aldehydes made it very easy to oxidize. With
that being said, Acetone did not react with Tollen's and Fehlings and acetone is a ketone which means that
ketones resist the oxidation of the tests.

6. Why is bubble formation a positive indication of a carboxylic acid when reacted with NaHCO3?
(5 points)
From the virtual lab experiment, when a carboxylic acid dissolves in an aqueous solution of sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3), the reaction causes the sodium bicarbonate to emit carbon dioxide bubbles or froth.
With that, the CO2 bubbles are visible, and this can also be utilized to detect the presence of a carboxylic
acid. Therefore, the presence of carboxylic acid is indicated by rapid effervescence.
Schematic Diagram of Procedure