T&HE: LESSON - 25 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION:... http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?

id=2418

You are currently using guest access (Log in)

Thermodynamics and Heat Engine4 (3+1)

Home ► Courses ► Existing Courses ► UG Courses - Agricultural Engineering ► Agricultural Engineering ► T&HE ► MODULE -V ► LESSON - 25
MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION: BUCKE...

Navigation
LESSON - 25 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION: BUCKET OR BARREL
Home CALORIMETER AND SEPARATING CALORIMETER AND THEIR NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
Site pages
Current course
25.1 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION
T&HE
Participants There are four methods of determining the dryness fraction of steam
General experimentally. They are as follows:
MODULE - I
MODULE - II
(A) Bucket or barrel calorimeter
MODULE - III (B) Separating calorimeter
MODULE - IV
MODULE -V (C) Throttling calorimeter
LESSON - 18
PURE
(D) Combined separating and throttling calorimeter.
SUBSTANCES,
CHANGE OF
PHASE DURI...
QUIZ - 18 25.1.1. Bucket or Barrel Calorimeter
LESSON - 19
Material: Refer Fig. 25.1. TheBucket/Barrel Calorimeter consists of a copper vessel
p-V DIAGRAM,
T-s DIAGRAM, which contains cold water. The copper vessel is insulated from the surrounding so as to
p-T DIAGRAM,... prevent any heat transfer from or to the system. The top of the vessel is also covered by
QUIZ - 19 some detachable insulating medium. A thermometer is inserted in the water to record
LESSON - 20 the temperature of it.
GENERATION
OF STEAM AND
INTERNAL
ENERG...
QUIZ - 20
LESSON - 21
USE OF STEAM
TABLES AND
MOLLIER
CHART ...
QUIZ - 21
LESSON - 22
HEATING AND
EXPANSION OF
VAPOUR IN
NON...
QUIZ - 22
LESSON - 23 Fig. 25.1. Bucket Calorimeter
NUMERICAL
PROBLEMS ON Procedure:
HEATING AND
EXPA... Before steam sampling: Note down the following observations
QUIZ - 23
LESSON - 24 Mass of empty copper vessel = m1(say)
NUMERICAL
PROBLEMS ON Mass of cold water of vessel = m2(say)
HEATING AND
EXPA...
Temperature of cold water and copper vessel = t1(say)
QUIZ - 24
LESSON - 25 Specific heat of copper vessel = Cp,copper(say)
MEASUREMENT
OF DRYNESS
FRACTION:
Specific heat of water = Cp,water(say)

1 of 5 16-04-2021, 10:31 am
T&HE: LESSON - 25 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION:... http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2418

BUCKE... During steam sampling: Open the valve in sampling tube and allow steam sample
QUIZ - 25 from main steam pipe of boiler to discharge into cold water of vessel through fine exit
LESSON - 26 holes. The steamcoming in contact with water gets condensed, giving out its entire
MEASUREMENT
OF DRYNESS latent heat and part of its sensible heat. This heat transfer results in an increase in the
FRACTION: temperature of water. The mass of water in the calorimeter increases by the amount of
THROT...
steam condensed. As a precautionary measure, sufficient quantity of steam should be
QUIZ - 26
passed into the calorimeter so that there is a marked rise in the temperature so as to
MODULE - VI
minimizing the error in the experiment. Now, the supply-of steam is closed.
MODULE - VII
MODULE - VIII During sampling, pressure of steam in steam pipe recorder with pressure
MODULE - IX gauge = p (say)
REFERENCES
From Steam Table against pressure ‘p’ note down the saturation temperature
Courses
of steam and latent heat of vaporization= tsat and hfg(say) , respectively.

After steam sampling: Note down the following observations

Mass of warm water in vessel = m3 (say)

Temperature of warm water and copper vessel after mixing of steam sample in
cold water= t2 (say)

Calculations to find dryness fraction, x:

Mass of wet steam sample condensed in cold water = m3 – m2 = m (say)

Mass of dry steam in wet steam sample = x × m

If there is no heat lost then according to conservation of energy,
Heat lost by mass of wet steam sample = Heat gain by copper vessel and cold
water …..….(25.1)
Where,
Heat lost by mass of wet steam sample = Latent heat lost by mass of dry steam in
wet steam sample + Sensible heat lost mass of wet steam sample
=

……..(25.2)
Heat gain by copper vessel and cold water = Sensible heat gain by mass of copper
vessel + Sensible heat gain by mass of cold water

…..….. (25.3)
By using equations (25.2) and (25.3) in equation (25.1), we have

2 of 5 16-04-2021, 10:31 am
T&HE: LESSON - 25 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION:... http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2418

Drawback
It is to be noted that this method for determining the dryness fraction is
approximate.
The increase in temperature of cold water after steam sampling should neither
be too low nor too high. If the rise in temperature is large there is always a
chance for heat losses due to radiation.
Problem 25.1: The following data refer to a test on bucket calorimeter. Pressure of steam
from steam pipe = 6.5 bar, water equivalent of water at 20°C = 500 kJ/k, Water equivalent
of bucket calorimeter = 30 kJ/k, Temperature of warm water after mixing of steam sample
in cold water = 38°C, Mass of wet steam sample = 4 kg, Find the dryness fraction of steam.
Solution:
Given: Pressure of steam from steam pipe, p = 6.5 bar;
Water equivalent of water at 20°C, = 500 kJ/k;
Water equivalent of bucket calorimeter, = 30 kJ/k;
Temperature of cold water and copper vessel = t1= 20°C

Temperature of warm water after mixing of steam sample in cold water, t2 =

38°C;
Mass of wet steam sample, m = 4 kg
Determine the dryness fraction of steam:
Formula: The dryness fraction for bucket calorimeter is given by

Finding unknown, tsat and hfg:

By using steam table (for dry saturated steam):

From steam tables for dry saturated steam at p = 6.5 bar,
we have
tsat = 161.9°C and hfg = 2077 kJ/kg

Answer: Dryness fraction of steam,

x= = 0.8989

25.1.2. Separating Calorimeter

Principle: The principle of determining the dryness fraction from separating

3 of 5 16-04-2021, 10:31 am
T&HE: LESSON - 25 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION:... http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2418

calorimeter is to separate out the moisture content from the wet steam.
Material: Refer Fig. 25.2. It consists of inner chamber having cross sectional area ‘A’
in which water separated from wet steam is collected. A gauge glass having a
graduated scale is mounted on the inner chamber of the separating calorimeter to
measure the amount of water separated after and before the sampling.It also consists of
steam condensing chamber so that dry and saturated steam may be condensed and
measured in it.
Procedure:
Before steam sampling: Note down the following observations
Level of water in the inner chamber = L1(say)

Mass of water in the steam condensing chamber = m1(say)

During steam sampling: The wet steam enters the inner chamber of separating
calorimeter through a sampling tube controlled by a valve. While testing for dryness
the valve should be fully open avoiding any throttling or wiredrawing. In the inner
chamber of separating calorimeter, separators or baffles plates are arranged in such a
manner as to separate out the moisture from the steam. Hence, when steam enters the
separating calorimeter, it undergoes a sudden reversal of direction of motion when it
strikes the baffles plates. This causes the water particles which have greater inertia to
separate from the wet steam. The water moves downwards(shown by blue drops) and
collected at the bottom portion of the inner chamber of the separating calorimeter. The
dry steam moves upwards (shown by firm arrows) and enters the annular space
between the inner and outer surface of the separating calorimeter and goes
downward.The dry and saturated steam is discharged from the separating calorimeter
and finally condensed in the steam condensing chamber. The condensed steam in steam
condensing chamber is then weighed.
Before steam sampling: Note down the following observations
Level of water in the inner chamber = L2 (say)

Mass of water in the steam condensing chamber = m2 (say)

Calculations of dryness fraction, x:

Mass of water separated from the wet steam sample and collected at the bottom
portion of the inner chamber =m ,kg (say)

Mass of dry steam condensed in steam condensing chamber = (m2 - m1) = M ,

kg (say)

Dryness fraction of wet steam from main steam pipe,

Drawback
This method is also approximate because of incomplete separation of moisture and
inaccuracy of gauge.

4 of 5 16-04-2021, 10:31 am
T&HE: LESSON - 25 MEASUREMENT OF DRYNESS FRACTION:... http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2418

Fig. 25.2. Separating Calorimeter

Problem 25.2: During a test on separating calorimeter the following observations were
taken.
Mass of water separated from wet steam sample from main steam pipe = 0.3 kg/min, Mass
of dry saturated steam passing through separating calorimeter and condensed in steam
condensing chamber = 3 kg/min. Calculate the dryness fraction.
Solution:
Given: Mass of water separated from wet steam sample, m= 0.3 kg/min
Mass of dry saturated steam condensing chamber, M = 3 kg/min
Determine the dryness fraction
Formula: Dryness fraction for separating calorimeter,

x = dryness fraction of wet steam =

Answer: dryness fraction of wet steam= x = = 0.909 = 90.9%

Last modified: Wednesday, 11 September 2013, 9:40 AM

You are currently using guest access (Log in)

T&HE

5 of 5 16-04-2021, 10:31 am