Grid Planning

Power Systems Planning
Lecture X – Boundary conditions for planning

Parameters influencing system reliability
Objective of power systems planning: supply of consumers at a specified level of reliability
Which parameters play a role?
• Network topology e.g. redundant lines
• Star point grounding: single-phase-to-ground faults are the most common faults
• System operation: planning must correspond to expected loading
• Standard Operating Procedures and security standards for system operation
• Qualification of personnel e.g. quick system recovery
• Preventive maintenance to increase equipment availability
• Choice of equipment: specification, testing and choice of standards
Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Fachbereich EIT
Hochschule Darmstadt
85
Planned and forced outages
Planned outages are related to preventive maintenance
Forced (unplanned) outages may occur due to:
• Internal faults of primary equipment
• Maloperation of secondary equipment (protection and control) e.g. unintended breaker
tripping
• External faults, e.g. lightning strikes into lines
• Human factors, e.g. incorrect maintenance or damage at cables during excavation works

Fachbereich EIT
86
Duration of forced outages
• Network topology e.g. redundant lines
with sufficient rating
• Control and protection design e.g.
remote operation of breakers from
control room
• Availability of spare parts
• Availability of spare or alternative units
Exercise e.g. emergency diesel generators
Search the • Availability of maintenance personnel
web for
failure • Procedures and personnel for fault
statistics of analysis
your country
Fachbereich EIT
87
Duration of forced outages
Acceptable value of energy not supplied: maintenance
1d p = 0,1 p.a.
• urban areas: 500 kWh
• rural areas: 2.000 kWh 10 h
manual switching
Examples:
1h
• LV cable with 100 kW loading remote switching
 5 … 12 hours 10 min 2.000 kWh
• MV cable with 1 MW loading
1/2 … 2 hours 1 min automatic
500 kWh switching
• HV/MV transformer with 30 MW rating
10 s 1.000 kWh
 1 … 5 minutes
• UHV line with 1.7 GW loading 1s hot standby
 disconnection in ms
10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW 10 GW
LOW MEDIUM HIGH EXTRA HIGH
Fachbereich EIT
Hochschule Darmstadt In extra high it has to be automatical
88
Boundary conditions
Thermal rating Short-circuit strength
Appropriate ratio between thermal (current) Short-time withstand current (adiabatic
rating and loading in final planning state temperature increase)
Overloading only allowed for specific Mechanical forces from electro-magnetic
ambient conditions
field
Rating is affected by:
Touch and step voltages arising from short-
• Material (conductor and insulation) circuit currents flowing to ground
• Ambient temperature and other Calculation usually according to IEC 909
ambient conditions (solar irradiation,
(Thevenin equivalent at fault location)
wind speed)
• Intial load
• Loading cycle
Fachbereich EIT
89
Boundary conditions
Power rating Power (voltage) quality
Sufficient generation for covering the Voltage must remain within specified
expected load and the network losses boundaries
(up to 10%)
… both during normal and fault conditions
Line dimensioning for loss minimization
and accaptable voltage drops Standard voltage levels are defined in IEC
Typical time horizon for generation and T&D 60038
expansion (planning, permitting, erection) is
long:
• 10-15 years for HV
• 5-10 years for MV
• 1-3 years for LV

Fachbereich EIT
90
Boundary conditions
Frequency control Economics
Frequency must remain within specified Planning must be robust for several future
boundaries load scenarios
… both during normal and fault (quasi- Minimize transmission losses
stationary) conditions
Generation should not have not be curtailed
Accumulated frequency deviations must be due to transmission bottlenecks
corrected within a specified time
Avoid excessive over-dimensioning of lines
Question and transformers
Why do you
usually have Equipment standardization enables
two clocks economy of scale and better spare parts
in control handling
rooms?
Fachbereich EIT
91
Compatibility Immunity
• IEC 61000-3-2: Harmonic currents • IEC 61000-4-4: Transients, ...
• IEC 61000-3-3: Voltage sags, flicker • IEC 61000-4-11: Voltage sags, ...
• D-A-CH Richtlinie Netzrückwirkungen
power quality
Voltage quality specifications Measuring requirements

• EN 50160 • IEC 61000-4-7: Harmonics, ...
• IEC 61000-4-15: Flicker
• IEC 61000-4-30: Voltage quality

Fachbereich EIT
92
Nominal and maximum continuous voltages
(IEC 60038)
Low voltage (nominal) Medium voltage High and extra-high voltage
• 230/400 V Max. nominal Max. nominal
• 277/480 V 12 kV 11 kV 10 kV 72,5 kV 66 kV 60 kV
• 400/690 V 24 kV 22 kV 20 kV 123 kV 110 kV
• 1000 V 36 kV 33 kV 145 kV
Question 40,5 kV 35 kV 170 kV

Why do we 245 kV 220 kV 230 kV
specify line- Nominal voltage Un:
ground 300 kV
used to designate a network
nominal
Maximum continuous voltage Um: 420 kV 400 kV 380 kV
voltage only
for LV level? used to rate equipment 550 kV 525 kV 500 kV
Fachbereich EIT
93
Deviation from nominal voltage
• During normal operation At Point of Common Coupling (connection
(continuous voltage fluctuation) between public network and customer):
• Quasi-stationary • LV: -5% to +10%
(during fault conditions)
• MV & HV: -5% to +5%
• Interruption of supply
Defined for 95% of the time, measured over
• Voltage sag (dip) one week
• Temporary overvoltage
• Transient overvoltage
• Voltage swells
• Voltage asymmetry

Fachbereich EIT
94
• During normal operation In n-1 case (single outage):
(continuous voltage fluctuation)
• LV: -8% to +10%
• Quasi-stationary
• MV & HV: -10% to +10%
After reactive actions (e.g. stepping of on-
load tap-changer): Because of faults
• Voltage sag (dip)
• MV & HV: -8% to +8%
• Voltage swells

Fachbereich EIT
95
• During normal operation Remaining voltage at Point of Common
(continuous voltage fluctuation) Coupling <5 % of reference voltage
• Quasi-stationary … in all phases
Otherwise classification as voltage sag
• Voltage swells

Fachbereich EIT
96
Deviation from nominal voltage here it starts, nominal
almost reference
voltage
• During normal operation Temporary reduction of RMS voltage below
(continuous voltage fluctuation) 90 % of reference voltage
• Quasi-stationary Caused by short-circuits or by load steps
Duration between 10 ms to 1 min
• Voltage swells
• Voltage asymmetry for single face

Fachbereich EIT
97
• During normal operation Temporary increase of RMS voltage to more
(continuous voltage fluctuation) than 110% of reference voltage
• Quasi-stationary … at line frequency (50 or 60 Hz)
Caused by single-phase-to-ground faults in
• Interruption of supply isolated networks
• Voltage sag (dip) Duration between 10 ms to 1 min
• Voltage swells

Fachbereich EIT
98
• During normal operation Short-term, oscillating or non-oscillating
(continuous voltage fluctuation) overvoltage
• Quasi-stationary … usually effectively damped
(during fault conditions) Voltage rise time vary from 1 μs to a few ms
Duration less than a few ms
Caused by lightning, switching or protection
• Temporary overvoltage tripping
• Voltage swells

Fachbereich EIT
99
• During normal operation Sequence of temporary overvoltages and
(continuous voltage fluctuation) voltage sags
• Quasi-stationary Periodic change of the voltage envelope
• Voltage sag (dip) Machines working against each other, controlers
interruption
• Voltage swells

Fachbereich EIT
100
• During normal operation Difference in RMS value of phase voltage
(continuous voltage fluctuation) (fundamental frequency) or in phase angle
displacement between phases
• Quasi-stationary
(during fault conditions) Described by negative and zero sequence
voltage
• Voltage swells
symmetry asymmetry
Fachbereich EIT
101
Sudden voltage changes
May be caused by:
• Connection or disconnection of load or
generation
• (induction) motor starting
• Switching in/out of shunt capacitors or
inductors
Cuando la luz parpadea, flicker

Fachbereich EIT
102
Sudden voltage changes due to load stepping
Relative voltage change:
3% MV
2% LV
Network impedance angle:

Fachbereich EIT
103
Assessment of flicker
Visible change in brightness of a lamp due
to rapid fluctuations in the voltage of the
power supply
A flicker meter (IEC 61000-4-15) represents
an incandescent lamp (reference lamp) and
the human perception system (eye-brain
model)
• Short-term flicker "perceptibility" value
Pst, calculated over a standardized 10-
minute observation interval
• Long-term flicker Plt, 50 % of test persons
calculated as the cubic perceive the fluctuation
mean of Pst values in as annoying
a two-hour period
Large influence
Fachbereich EIT
of repeat ratio
104
Power Systems Planning
Lecture X – Topologies for distribution grids
Assessment of distribution network topologies
Arrangement: simple/complex
Planning effort: low/moderate/high
Normal operation: simple/complex
Loading of lines in normal conditions: 50…100%
Redundancy for faulty line: yes/no
Installation cost: very low/moderate/high
Maintenance effort: low/moderate/hogh
Transmission losses: high/low
Voltage profile: bad/good
Flexibility for load increase: low/moderate/high
Redundancy for HV/MV transformer: yes/no
Protection
Application: LV/MV, low/medium/high load density

Fachbereich EIT
106
Radial distribution system
Arrangement: simple
Planning effort: low
Normal operation: simple
Loading of lines in normal conditions: 100%
Redundancy for faulty line: no
Installation cost: very low
Maintenance effort: low
Transmission losses: high
Voltage profile: bad
Flexibility for load increase: low
Redundancy for HV/MV transformer: no
Protection: overcurrent protection at the infeed
Application: LV, MV grid with low load density

Fachbereich EIT
107
Ring distribution system
Arrangement: simple
Planning effort: moderate
Loading of lines in normal conditions: 50% You can only load up
Redundancy for faulty line: yes to 50% due to in
failure case, 1 feeder
Installation cost: moderate will supply both loads
Transmission losses: low (can be optimized)
Voltage profile: good
Flexibility for load increase: high
Redundancy for HV/MV transformer: yes (typically)
Application: MV grid also for high load density

Fachbereich EIT
108
Ring distribution system – Ring Main Unit
Load Switches
Trafo to LV

Fachbereich EIT
109
Triple ring structure
You can load more your
Arrangement: complex feeders, 2/3, as in case of
Planning effort: moderate 1 fault, 2 feeders will
Normal operation: simple supply the 3 lines
Redundancy for faulty line: yes
Installation cost: moderate
Maintenance effort: moderate
Flexibility for load increase: moderate
Application: MV grid for medium load density

Fachbereich EIT
110
Cross-connected rings
Arrangement: complex
Normal operation: complex
Redundancy for faulty line: yes, limited

Fachbereich EIT
111
Ring with switching station
Arrangement: simple Easier and you can complish
with n-1 criteria and charge
up to 100%
Loading of lines in normal conditions: 50%, 100%*
Redundancy for faulty line: yes, for one line
Protection: overcurrent protection

Fachbereich EIT
112
Ring with second HV/MV infeed
You have to make sure always that there is an open point, otherwise the HV line
Arrangement: simple would refload the MV line and it will get overloaded, but the open point can be
elsewhere
Redundancy for faulty line: yes
Installation cost: high
Redundancy for HV/MV transformer: yes
Protection: directional overcurrent protection
Application: MV grid also for high load density

Fachbereich EIT
113
Special spare cable
Arrangement: simple
Loading of lines in normal conditions: 70%, 100%*
Redundancy for faulty line: yes, limited
Installation cost: low
Voltage profile: bad
Flexibility for load increase: very low
Redundancy for HV/MV transformer: no
Protection: overcurrent protection at main lines
Application: MV grid for low/medium load density

Fachbereich EIT
114
Closed rings / meshed network
Arrangement: simple
Planning effort: high
Redundancy for faulty line: yes, with CBs no interruption
Installation cost: high
Maintenance effort: high
Transmission losses: moderate
Voltage profile: very good
Redundancy for HV/MV transformer: yes
Protection: distance/differential protection at each line
Application: MV grid for high load density

Fachbereich EIT
115

Grid Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grid Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Systems Planning

Lecture X – Boundary conditions for planning

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Voltage quality specifications Measuring requirements

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Question 40,5 kV 35 kV 170 kV

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Cuando la luz parpadea, flicker

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

Prof. Dr. Athanasios Krontiris

You might also like