Nama:Putra Bungsu Agustin Sitio

Nim:2207036135

Jurusan:D3 Teknik Elektro

Kelas:A

1. There are three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Two of the subatomic particles
have electrical charges: protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge.
Neutrons, on the other hand, don't have a charge.

2. The energy of orbitals refers to the energy required to take an electron present in that orbital to
infinity or the energy released when an electron is added to that orbital from infinity.

3. Electric fields are created by charges that is, charges are the source of electric fields. Charges come in
two types, positive (+) and negative (-). Like charges repel each other and opposites attract. In other
words, charges produce a force that either pushes or pulls other charges away.

4. The relation between electric field and electric potential can be generally expressed as “Electric field
is the negative space derivative of electric potential.”

5. An electric conductor is a material that easily conducts electric current. The nature of its conduction is
to move electrons from one electrical point to another easily. The main use of electrical conductors is to
carry electric current.

Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or part. An electric current is said to
exist when there is a net flow of electric charge through a part. Electric charge is carried by charged
particles, so electric current is a flow of charged particles

6. Scientists know that today the Earth's magnetic field is powered by the solidification of the planet's
liquid iron core. The cooling and crystallization of the core stirs up the surrounding liquid iron, creating
powerful electric currents that generate a magnetic field stretching far out into space.

7. The current carrying conductor generates it own magnetic field around it. This interracts with the
external magnetic field. When two magnetic fields interact there will be attraction and repulsion
between them based on the direction of the external magnetic field and the direction of the current in
the conductor.
8.electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via
electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

9. An electric arc (or arc discharge) is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged
electrical discharge. The current through a normally nonconductive medium such as air produces a
plasma; the plasma may produce visible light. An arc discharge is characterized by a lower voltage than a
glow discharge and relies on thermionic emission of electrons from the electrodes supporting the arc.
An archaic term is voltaic arc, as used in the phrase "voltaic arc lamp".

A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting electrodes separated by a gap usually filled
with a gas such as air, designed to allow an electric spark to pass between the conductors.

10. Fossil fuel power plants burn coal or oil to create heat which is in turn used to generate steam to
drive turbines which generate electricity.

11. Because, Electricity can be readily transmitted over large distances with relatively small loss in
energy. Electricity can be easily converted to other forms of energy ike heat, light, sound, motion, etc.
Electricity is the most convenient source of energy.

12. Conductors: Materials that easily conduct electricity (i.e., materials with high electrical conductivity
and low electrical resistivity)

Semiconductors: Materials with an electrical conductivity value that falls between that of a conductor
and that of an insulator

Insulators: Materials that do not readily conduct electricity (i.e., materials with high electrical resistivity).

13.A superconductor is a material that achieves superconductivity, which is a state of matter that has no
electrical resistance and does not allow magnetic fields to penetrate. An electric current in a
superconductor can persist indefinitely.

When lead, mercury and certain compounds are cooled to extremely cold temperatures, they become
superconductors. They stop showing any electrical resistance and they expel their magnetic fields, which
makes them ideal for conducting electricity.
14. Because an element to show a good conductor of electricity, it must have free electrons in its
structure which can move freely to conduct electricity.

15. The most highly conductive metals are silver, copper and gold.

16. With its exceptional current carrying capacity, copper is more efficient than any other electrical
conductor Because of its superior conductivity, annealed copper is the international standard to which
all other electrical conductors are compared .

17. especially copper wires, used for? Some metal wires are used to make clothes hangers or to hang
things on the wall. So they do not need plastic coating. But most, if not all other uses, are to conduct
electricity. That being the case, don't you think that you'd want to protect yourself and family members
from being electrocuted if they accidently touched a wire that was electrified? Also, it prevents a pair of
wires from shorting to each other, like the power wires in your house, and causing a fire, burning down
your house and you in it. So, it's a good idea, especially for electrical wires as a safety precaution.

18. Stranded wires offer superior bendability and flexibility, making them easier to route around
obstacles than solid wires. Flexibility. Stranded wires are more flexible and can sustain more vibration
and flexing without breaking

19. Twisted wires have been used to reduce outgoing and incoming noise generated by electromagnetic
interference. A magnetic field is created in the area between two parallel wires when the wires are
carrying current in opposite directions. The magnetic field in the proximity of the wires will not be
present if both wires are twisted.

20. Transmission cable (coax, twinax, etc) are specially and carefully made cables that control geometry
carefully so the spacing and positioning of the wires is consistent the whole length. This is important in
having a closely controlled characteristic impedance throughout its length, to minimize losses and
reflections that occur every time the impedance makes a change. This delivers maximum power and the
cleanest signal to the receiving end of the cable.

Normal wire - well a wire means one conductor, A cable has multiple conductors but there’s relatively
little care taken for closely matched geometry and such throughout its length.
So a Normal cable vs a transmission cable will have poor delivery of high frequency signals compared to
a properly terminated transmission cable.

21. Because the cable's shield serves as electromagnetic compatibility protection. It prevents interfering
signals from the inside of the cable from reaching the outside and disturbing other cables or even
electrical devices. Furthermore, the shield ensures that external interference does not reach the inside
of the cable.

22. Twisting helps minimize electromagnetic radiation and resists external interference. It also helps
limit interference with adjacent twisted-pair cables.

23. The commonly known skin effect formulas are derived and only apply to solid conductors. The
commonly used "skin depth" only applies in these cases. It is for this reason that in some applications
tubes are used, as these are much more weight-efficient than the same diameter wire at a high-enough
frequency.

24. Wire gauge refers to the physical size of the wire, rated with a numerical designation that runs
opposite to the diameter of the conductors—in other words, the smaller the wire gauge number, the
larger the wire diameter.

We know that wire is used to transfer the current to a certain distance through less amount of
resistance. So, the size of the wire mainly depends on the application because if you need huge power,
the wire size should be larger. So, knowing the wire capacity through wire gauge is significant to know
how much current an electric wire can carry without being injured. It is used to measure the cross-
sectional area of a wire using the AWG (American Wire Gauge System) number. So, this article discusses
an overview of a wire gauge, chart, and its applications.

25. The temperature rating of the cable is a determining factor in the current carrying capacity of the
cable.

26. Step 1: Identify the resistivity (ρ) , length (L), and radius (r) of the wire. Step 2: Calculate the cross-
sectional area of the wire using the formula for the area of a circle: A=πr2 A = π r 2 . Step 3: Calculate the
resistance (R) of the wire using the formula for resistance: R=ρLA R = ρ L A .
27. If a material exhibits a positive temperature coefficient means that as its temperature increased its
resistance to current raises proportionately.

28.The relationship between current, voltage and resistance is expressed by Ohm's Law. This states that
the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional
to the resistance of the circuit, provided the temperature remains constant.

29. The most obvious difference between a potentiometer vs. rheostat is the number of terminals;
potentiometers have three (input and 2 outputs) while rheostats have two (1 input, 1 output). Thanks to
the potentiometer's three terminals, it can be used as a rheostat when one of the terminals is left
floating.

30. It is a typical fixed resistor made from the mixture of granulated powdered carbon or graphite
insulation filler or a resin binder. The insulating powder binder is made in the shape of rods and there
are two metal caps on the both ends of the rod. There are two conductor wires on the both ends of the
resistor for easy connectivity in the circuit via soldering.

The carbon film resistors look like these, all are the carbon film resistors. We use the carbon film resistor
in various places. There are different types of the carbon film resistors with different values. The carbon
film resistors are mainly used in the frequency circuits.

Advantages of carbon composition resistor:

a. The major advantage of carbon composition resistor is its ability to withstand at high energy pulses.

b. The cost of carbon composition resistor is low.

Advantages of film resistor:

a. Low cost

b. Generates less noise than carbon composition resistor

c. Wide operating range

31. Advantages of metal film resistor:

Generates less noise than carbon composition resistor. Wide operating range. Long term stability. Low
tolerance.
32. A wirewound resistor is an electrical passive component that limits current. The resistive element is
an insulated metallic wire that is wound around a core of non-conductive material. The wire material
has a high resistivity, and is usually made of an alloy such as nickel-chromium (Nichrome) or a copper-
nickel-manganese alloy called Manganin. Common core materials include ceramic, plastic, and glass.
Wirewound resistors are the oldest type of resistors that are still manufactured today. They can be
produced very accurately and have excellent properties for low resistance values and high power ratings