MATHEMATICS

PHYSICS
Class – 10th Topic – Ratio and Proportion

(𝐱+𝐲)𝟐 𝐱
1 . 𝐈𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐳 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: (𝐲+𝐳)𝟐 = [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]
𝐲
Solution:
If x, y and z are in continued proportion, then
x y y2
= ⇒ x=
y z z
Applying component and dividend
x+y y+z
=
x−y y−z
x+y y+z
⇒ =
x−y y−z
Squaring both sides
(x + y)2 x−y 2
⇒ 2 =( )
(y + z) y−z
(x + y)2 x−y 2
⇒ = ( )
(y + z)2 y−z
Substituting
2
y2
(x + y)2 −y
⇒ = ( z )
(y + z)2 (y − z)

2
(x + y)2 y 2 − yz
⇒ = ( )
(y + z)2 z(y − z)
y 2 zx x
= = =
z2 z2 z

√𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 + √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛 𝟐 𝟐𝐚𝟐 𝐱

𝟐. 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐱 = . 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: 𝐛𝟐 =
√𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 − √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛 𝟐 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟏

Solution:

√a2 + b 2 + √a2 − b 2
Given x =
√a2 + b 2 − √a2 − b 2

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Applying componendo and dividendo

x + 1 (√a2 + b 2 + √a2 − b 2 ) + (√a2 + b 2 − √a2 − b 2 )

=
x − 1 (√a2 + b 2 + √a2 − b 2 ) − (√a2 + b 2 − √a2 − b 2 )

Simplifying

x + 1 √a2 + b 2
=
x − 1 √a2 + b 2

Square both sides

x 2 + 1 + 2x a2 + b2
=
x 2 − 2x + 1 a2 − b 2

Applying componendo and dividendo

x 2 + 1 + 2x + x 2 − 2x + 1 a2 + b2 + a2 − b2
=
x 2 + 1 + 2x − x 2 + 2x − 1 a2 + b 2 − a2 + b 2

2(x 2 + 1) 2a2
= 2
4x 2b

x 2 + 1 a2
= 2
2x b

Simplifying

2a2 x
b2 =
x2 + 1

𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 𝟏
𝟑. 𝐈𝐟 = 𝟐 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝
𝐱𝟐 − 𝐲𝟐 𝟖
∶ [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒]
𝐱
(𝐢)
𝐲

𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑
(𝐢𝐢)
𝐱𝟑 − 𝐲𝟑

Solution:

x2 + y2 1 17
(i) Given 2 2 =2 =
x −y 8 8

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Applying componendo and dividendo

x 2 + y 2 + x 2 − y 2 17 + 8
=
x 2 − y 2 − x 2 + y 2 17 − 8

2x 2 25
=
2y 2 9

Simplifying, we get

x 5
=
y 3

x3 + y3
(ii)
x3 − y3

Applying componendo and dividendo

x3 + y3 + x3 − y3
x3 + y3 − x3 + y3

x 3 125
= =
y3 9

x 3 + y 3 125 + 9
⇒ =
x 3 − y 3 125 − 9

134
=
116

𝟒. 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐝, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 ∶

√𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒 + √𝟑𝐱 − 𝟓
√𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒 − √𝟑𝐱 − 𝟓
=𝟗 [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]
Solution:

√3x + 4 + √3x − 5
Given =9
√3x + 4 − √3x − 5

Applying componendo and dividendo

(√3x + 4 + √3x − 5) + (√3x + 4 − √3x − 5) 9+1

=
(√3x + 4 + √3x − 5) − (√3x + 4 − √3x − 5) 9−1

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2√3x + 4 10
=
2√3x − 5 8

Simplifying

√3x + 4 5
=
√3x − 5 4

Square both sides

3x + 4 25
=
3x − 5 14

42x + 56 = 75x − 125

Simplifying we get x = 7

√𝐚 + 𝟏 + √𝐚 − 𝟏
𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐱 = , 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭:
√𝐚 + 𝟏 − √𝐚 − 𝟏

𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚𝐱
+𝟏 [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟐]

Solution:

√a + 1 + √a − 1
Given =
√a + 1 − √a − 1

Applying componendo and dividendo

x + 1 (√a + 1 + √a − 1) + (√a + 1 − √a − 1)
=
x − 1 (√a + 1 − √a − 1) − (√a + 1 − √a − 1)

Simplify

x + 1 √a + 1
=
x − 1 √a − 1

Now square both sides

x 2 + 1 + 2x a + 1
=
x 2 − 2x + 1 a − 1

(x 2 + 1 + 2x) + (x 2 + 1 − 2x) (a + 1)(a − 1)

⇒ Componendo and Dividendo = =
(x 2 + 1 + 2x) − (x 2 − 2x + 1) (a + 1)(a − 1)

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Simplifying

x 2 + 1 = 2ax

or x 2 − 2ax + 1 = 0

𝐚 𝐜 𝟑𝐚 − 𝟓𝐛 𝟑𝐜 − 𝟓𝐝
𝟔. 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧, = , 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: =
𝐛 𝐝 𝟑𝐚 + 𝟓𝐛 𝟑𝐜 + 𝟓𝐝

Solution:

a c
Given =
b d

3a 3c
⇒ =
5b 5d

By componendo and dividendo

3a + 5d 3c + 5d
=
3a − 5d 3c − 5d

By Alternendo

3a + 5d 3c + 5d
=
3a − 5d 3c − 5d

√𝐚 + 𝟑𝐛 + √𝐚 − 𝟑𝐛
𝟕. 𝐈𝐟 𝐱 = , 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: 𝟑𝐛𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚𝐱 + 𝟑𝐛
√𝐚 + 𝟑𝐛 − √𝐚 − 𝟑𝐛
= 𝟎. [𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕]

Solution:

√a + 3b + √a − 3b
Given x = ,
√a + 3b − √a − 3b

Applying componendo and dividend

x + 1 (√a + 3b + √a − 3b) + (√a + 3b − √a − 3b)

=
x − 1 (√a + 3b + √a − 3b) − (√a + 3b − √a − 3b)

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x + 1 2√a + 3b
=
x − 1 2√a − 3b

Squaring both sides

x 2 + 2x + 1 a + 3b
=
x 2 − 2x + 1 a − 3b

Applying componendo and dividendo once again

(x 2 + 2x + 1) + (x 2 − 2x + 1) (a + 3b) + (a − 3b)
=
(x 2 + 2x + 1) − (x 2 − 2x + 1) (a + 3b) − (a − 3b)

Simplifying

x2 + 1 a
=
2x 3b

3b(x 2 + 1) = 2ax

3bx 2 − 2ax + 3b = 0 Hence proved

(𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟏)
𝟖. 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐱 . 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧:
𝟐𝐱 𝟐
𝟏𝟕
= [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑]
𝟖

Solution:

(x 4 + 1) 17
Given =
2x 2 8

Applying componendo and dividendo

(x 4 + 1) + 2x 2 17 + 8
=
(x 4 + 1) − 2x 2 17 − 8

(x 2 + 1)2 25
=
(x 2 − 1)2 9

Taking the square root of both sides

x2 + 1 5
=
x2 − 1 3

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3x 2 + 3 = 5x 2 − 5

x 2 = 4 or x = ± 2

𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝟔, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟎, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦

𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥.
[2005, 2013]

Solution:

Let the number added be x

Therefore (6 + x): (15 + x) = (20 + x): (43 + x)

⇒ (6 + x) × (43 + x) = (20 + x) × (15 + x)

⇒ x 2 + 49x + 258 = x 2 + 35x + 300

⇒ x = 3

𝟏𝟎. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐥𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐚𝐯𝐢 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐣𝐞𝐞𝐯 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝟓: 𝟕 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞

𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝟑: 𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐑𝐬. 𝟖𝟎 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐥𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐲.
[2012]

Solution:

Let monthly pocket of Rave and Sanjeev by x and y respectively.

x 5 5
= ⇒ x = y
y 7 7

x − 80 3
=
y − 80 5

5
y − 80 3
Substituting 7 =
y − 80 5

25
y − 400 = 3y − 240 ⇒ y = 280
7

Substituting

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5
x= × 280 = 200
7

𝐱−𝟗
𝟏𝟏. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝟒: 𝟗 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐱. [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒]
𝟑𝐱 + 𝟔

Solution:

x−9 42 16
= 2=
3x + 6 9 81

81x − 729 = 48x + 96

x = 25

𝟏𝟐. 𝐈𝐟 𝐚: 𝐛 = 𝟓: 𝟑 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 (𝟓𝐚 + 𝟖𝐛): (𝟔𝐚 −

𝟕𝐛). [𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐]

Solution:

Given a: b = 5: 3

a 5 5
or = ⇒a=b
b 3 3

Now substituting

5
5a + 8b 5 × b 3 + 8b 25 + 24 49
= = =
6a − 7b 6 × b 5 − 7b 30 − 21 9
3

49
Hence (5a + 8b): (6a − 7b) =
9

𝟏𝟑. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 (𝐱 − 𝟑)𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏)𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 (𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏)𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 (𝐱 +

𝟒) 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞

𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝟑: 𝟏𝟎. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐱. [𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑]

Solution:

Amount of work done by (x − 3) men in (2x + 1) days = (x − 3)(2x + 1)

Similarly, amount of work done by (2x + 1) men in (x + 4) days = (2x + 1)(x + 4)

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(x − 3)(2x + 1) 3
Given =
(2x + 1)(x + 4) 10

10(2x 2 + x − 6x − 3) = 3(2x 2 + 8x + x + 4)
Simplifying 2x 2 − 11x − 6 = 0
1
(x − 6)(2x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 6 or x = − (not possible) ⇒ x = 6.
2

𝟏𝟒. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝟐𝟑, 𝟑𝟎, 𝟓𝟕 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟕𝟖; 𝐬𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐬

𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧? [𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒]

Solution:

Let the number subtracted = x

Therefore (23 − x): (30 − x) = (57 − x): (78 − x)

23 − x
= 57 − x ⇒ 78 − x
30 − x

Simplifying

x 2 − 101x + 1794 = x 2 − 87x + 1710

⇒ x=6
𝟏𝟓. 𝟔 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒𝟖 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲.

𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬. [𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]

Solution:

Given 6 is the mean proportion between two numbers x and y

x
Therefore = 6y
y

⇒ xy = 36

36
⇒x= … … … … … … (i)
y

Also given 48 is the third proportion to x and y

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x y
Therefore = ⇒ y 2 = 48x … … … … … … (ii)
y 48

36
Solving (i) and (ii) y 2 = 48
y

y 3 = 23 × 63 ⇒ y = 12

36
Hence x = = 3 ⇒ Hence the numbers are 3 and 12 .
12

𝟖𝐚 − 𝟓𝐛 𝟖𝐚 + 𝟓𝐛 𝐚
𝟏𝟔. 𝐈𝐟 = , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝟖𝐜 − 𝟓𝐝 𝟖𝐜 + 𝟓𝐝 𝐛
𝐜
= [𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖]
𝐝

Solution:

8a − 5b 8a + 5b
Given =
8c − 5d 8c + 5d
8c + 5b 8a + 5b
or =
8c − 5d 8c − 5d

Applying Componendo and Dividendo

8c + 5d + 8c − 5d 8a + 5b + 8a − 5b
=
8c + 5d − 8c + 5d 8c + 5b − 8a + 5b
16c 16a
=
10d 10b
c a a c
= or = . Hence proved.
d b b d

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