Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 1 (Differential Calculus/ Differentiation)

dy
, 4
1. Find dx if y=x cos x
.

2. Determine the gradient of the curve

y=
5x
2 x 2 +4 at the point
(√ 3, √23 ) .
3. A parabola has parametric equations:
dy
2
x=t , y=2 t . Evaluate dx when t = 0.5.

4. Determine the equation of the tangent drawn to the parabola

x=2t 2 , y=4 t at the point t.
dy
3 3
5. (a)Use implicit differentiation to find dx if x + y =3 xy.

( )
3 3
, .
2 2
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the equation in (a) at the point

Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 2 (Differential Calculus/Application of Differentiation)

1
1. The length l metres of a certain metal rod at temperature θ∘ c is given by
∘
l=1+0 . 00005θ +0 .0000004 θ2 . Determine the rate of change of length, in mm/ c when the
∘ ∘
temperature is (a)=100 C( b)400 C .
−kt
2. The displacement s cm of the end of a stiff spring at time t seconds is given by s=ae sin 2π ft .
Determine the velocity of the end of the spring after 1 s, if a = 2, k = 0.9 and f = 5.

The parametric equations of a function are given by y=3cos2 t , x=2 sin t . Determine
3.
dy d2 y
(a ) ,(b ) 2
expressions for dx dx .

4. Pressure p and volume v of a gas are related by the law pv γ =k , where γ and k are constants.
dp p dv
=−γ .
Show that the rate of change of pressure dt v dt
3 x+2
5. Differentiate x with respect to x.

2
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 3 (Partial Differentiation)

1. Show that the function u( x ,t )=sin( x−ct ) is a solution of the wave equation
2 2
∂ u 2∂ u
=c
∂t 2 ∂ x2

2. The time of oscillation, t, of a pendulum is given by

t=2π
l
,
√
g where l is the length of the
∂t ∂t
(a) ,(b) .
pendulum and g the free fall acceleration due to gravity. Determine ∂l ∂g

3. The period T of a simple pendulum is

errors upto 1% in l and 2.5% in g.
T =2π
√ l
,
g Find the maximum error in T due to possible

4. The diameter and altitude of a can in the shape of a right circular cylinder are measured as 4 cm
and 6 cm respectively. The possible error in each measurement is 0.1 cm. Find approximately the
maximum possible error in the values computed for the volume and lateral surface.

5. At what rate is the volume of a box changing of its length is 8 ft and increasing at 3 ft/s, its width
is 6ft and increasing at 2 ft/s, and its height is 4 ft and is increasing at 1 ft/s?

3
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 4 (Differential calculus/Maxima and Minima)

4 1
3 3
1. Find the absolute extrema of f (x )=6 x −3 x on the interval [-1,1], and determine where these
values occur.

3 2
2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f (x )=2 x −15 x +36 x on the interval
[1,5], and determine where these values occur.

3. A garden is to be laid out in a rectangular area and protected by a chicken wire fence. What is the
largest possible area of the garden if only 100 running feet of chicken wire is available for the
fence?

3 2
4. Show that the function f (x , y )=x −3 x −4 y 2 +2 has one saddle point and one maximum
point. Determine the maximum value.

4
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 5 (Integral Calculus/Indefinite Integral)

dx
∫ 1+3 x 2
1. Evaluate

∫ ( 1x +sec 2 πx )dx
2. Evaluate

3. Evaluate ∫ sin 2 x cos xdx

x
e dx
∫
4. Evaluate √1−e2 x

5. Example: Find

5
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 6 (Integral Calculus/Definite Integral)

6

∫ f ( x)dx
1. Evaluate 0 , if

{
2
f (x )= x , x <2
3x−2, x≥2
2

∫ x ( x2 +1 ) dx
3

2.Evaluate

3.The average value of the complex waveform is given by

π
1
V AB = ∫ ( 10 sin ωt +3 sin 3 ωt +2 sin5 ωt ) d (ωt )
π 0 V
. Evaluate AB correct to 2 decimal places.
π
2

∫ 2 θ sin θdθ
0

4.Evaluate

5.Evaluate correct to 3 significant figures

4

∫ x 23−4 dx .
3

Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 7 (Application of Integral Calculus)

6
1.Find the position function of a particle that moves with velocity v(t )=cos πt along a coordinate line,
assuming that the particle has coordinates s = 4 at time t = 0.

2.A spring exerts a force of 5N when stretched 1 m beyond its natural length.

(a) Find the spring constant (b) How much work is required to stretch 1.8m beyond its natural length?

3.A sinusoidal voltage v =100 sin ωt volts. Use integration to find over half a cycle (i) the mean value,
and (ii) the root-mean-square(rms) .

4.Find the circumference of a circle of radius a from the parametric equations

x=a cost , y=a sin t , 0≤t≤π .

5.Find the area of the region that is enclosed between the curves y=x 2 and y =x+6.

Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

7
 Tutorial: 8 (Application of Integral Calculus)
2
1.The curve y=x +4 is rotated one revolution about the x-axis between the limits x = 1 and x = 4.
Determine the volume of solid of revolution produced.

2. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y=√ x over the interval
[1,4] is revolved about the x axis.
3 2

∫∫ ( 1+8 xy ) dydx
3.Evaluate 0 1

2 3

∫∫ ( 1+8 xy ) dxdy
4. Evaluate 1 0

5. Use double integral to find the volume of the solid that is bounded above by the plane z=4−x− y
and below by the rectangle R= [ 0,1 ]× [ 0,2 ] .

8
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 9 (Complex numbers)

1.Express the following complex number in polar form:

3 + i4.

2.Convert 4∠30∘ into Cartesian form.

3.Determine the value of (−7+i 5 )4 , and expressing the result in polar form.
4.Determine the resistance and series capacitance for the following impedances, assuming a frequency of
50 Hz:

15∠−60∘ Ω

5.An alternating voltage of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected across an impedance of ( 60−i 100 ) Ω . Determine
(i) the resistance (ii) the capacitance and (iii) the magnitude of the impedance and (iv) its phase angle.

9
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 10 (Hyperbolic functions)

1.Differentiate the following hyperbolic function with respect to x:

3
y=4 sinh 2 x − cosh3 x
7
2.Differentiate the following hyperbolic function with respect to x:

y=4sin 3t cosh 4t .

3.Find the length of the catenary

y=10 sinh ( 10x ) from x = -10 to x = 10.

4.Solve the equation sinh x=3, correct to 4 significant figures.

10
 Course Title: Engineering Mathematics 1

Tutorial: 11 (Vector Algebra & Matrices)

1.Show that the vectors A⃗ =2 ⃗i −3 ⃗j−⃗k and B⃗ =−6 ⃗i +9 ⃗j +3 ⃗k are parallel.

2. What is the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors A⃗ =2 ⃗i −⃗j+ ⃗k and B⃗ =3 ⃗i −⃗j + ⃗k ?
3. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose edges are represented by the vectors
A⃗ =2 ⃗i −3 ⃗j +4 ⃗k , ⃗B=⃗i +2 ⃗j−⃗k and C⃗ =3 ⃗i −⃗j+2 ⃗k .

4.A d.c. circuit comprises three closed loops. Applying Kirchhoff’s laws to the closed loops gives the
following equations for current flow in milliamperes:

2 I 1 +3 I 2−4 I 3 =26
I 1 −5 I 2−3 I 3 =−87
−7 I 1 +2 I 2 +6 I 3 =12

Use Cramer’s rule to solve for

I 1 ,I 2 , and I3 .

5.Use matrices to solve the simultaneous equations:

3 x+5 y=7
4 x−3 y=19

11
 Solution: Tutorial 1

1.

dy 4 d d
=x ( cos x ) +cos x ( x 4 ) =−x 4 sin x +4 x3 cos x
dx dx dx

2.

( 2 x 2 + 4 ) d ( 5 x ) −5 x d ( 2 x 2 +4 ) ( 2 )
dy dx dx 2 x + 4 . 5−5 x . 4 x 20−10 x 2
= = =
dx ( 2 x 2 + 4 )2 ( 2 x 2 + 4 )2 ( 2 x 2 +4 )2

( )
√ 3 , √ , x=√ 3
2
3

At

Hence the gradient =

dy 20−10 . 3 1
= =−
dx (2. 3+4 )2 10

3.

x=t 2 , y=2t
dx dy
∴ =2t , =2
dt dt

dy
dy dt 2 1
∴ = = =
dx dx 2t t
dt

dy 1
t=0 .5 , = =2
When dx 0. 5
4.

12
x 1=2 t 2 , y1 =4 t
dx dy
∴ 1 =4 t , 1 =4
dt dt

dy
dy dt 4 1
∴ = = =
dx dx 4 t t
dt
Hence the equation of the tangent is

1
y−4 t= ( x−2 t 2 )
t
5. Differentiating both sides of the given equation implicitly yields

d 3 3 d
( x + y )= (3 xy )
dx dx
dy dy dy
∴3 x 2 +3 y 2 =3 x +3 y , ⇒ ( y 2 −x ) = y−x 2
dx dx dx
2
dy y− x
∴ = 2
dx y −x
(b)
2

At
3 3
2 ( )
2
dy ( 3/2 )−( 3 /2 )
, , mtan= =
dx ( 3/2 ) 2
− ( 3/ 2 )
=−1

Thus the required equation of the tangent is

3 3
y− =−1( x− ),⇒ x+ y=3
2 2

13
 Solution: Tutorial 2

dI
1. The rate of change of length means dθ

Given

dI
l=1+0 . 00005θ +0 .0000004 θ2 , ∴ =0. 00005+0 . 0000008 θ
dθ
dI
100∘ C , =0 . 00005+0 .0000008 ( 100 ) =0 .00013 m / ∘c=0. 13 mm/ ∘ c
(a) At dθ
dI
400∘ C , =0. 00005+0 . 0000008 ( 400 ) =0 .00037 m / ∘c =0 .37 mm / ∘ c
(b) At dθ

ds
v= =( ae−kt ) ( 2 πf cos2 π ft )+ ( sin 2 π ft ) (−k )( ae−kt )
2. velocity dt
When a = 2, k = 0.9 and f = 5 and t = 1,

ds
v = =( 2 e−0. 9 ) ( 2 π 5 cos2 π 5 ) + ( sin 2 π 5 ) (−0 . 9) ( 2 e−0.9 )=25 . 55 cm/s
Velocity dt
3. (a)

14
 y =3 cos2 t , x=2 sint
dy dx
∴ =−6 sin 2t , =2 cost
dt dt
dy
dy dt −6 sin 2t 6 .2 sin t cos t
∴ = = =− =−6 sin t
dx dx 2cos t 2 cos t
dt

2
(b ) 2 =
d dy d
d y dt dx dt
=
( ) (−6 sint )
=
−6 cos t
=−3
dx dx 2cos t 2cos t
dt

4.

k
pv γ =k , ⇒ p= γ
=kv −γ
v

dv (−γ pv ) dv
γ
dp dp dv ( γp dv
= × = −γ kv −γ−1 ) = γ +1 =−
dt dv dt dt v dt v dt

3 x+2
5. Let y=x

∴ ln y=ln x 3 x+2=( 3 x+2 ) ln x

1 dy 1
∴ =( 3 x+2 ) . +ln x. 3
y dx x
dy
[ 1
]
∴ = y ( 3 x+2 ) . +ln x. 3 = x 3 x+2
dx x
3 x+2
x [
+3 ln x ]

15
 Solution: Tutorial 3

1.

∂u ∂2 u
=cos( x−ct ), 2 =sin (x −ct )
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂2 u ∂2 u
=−c cos( x−ct ), 2 =c 2 sin( x−ct )=c 2 2
∂t ∂t ∂x
Thus u(x,t) satisfies the given wave equation.

∂t
2. (a)To find ∂l , g is kept constant.
1
=
( )
∂t 2 π d
∂l √ g dl
√ l= ( )
2 π 1 −2 π
√g 2
. l =
√ lg
.

∂t
(b)To find ∂ g , l is kept constant.

√ ( ) √
3
∂t d 1 1 − l
=2 π √ l =2 π √l . − g 2 =−π 3 .
∂g dg g 2 g
3.

l
T =2 π
g √ 1 1
,⇒ log T =log 2 π + logl− log g
2 2
dT
∴ =0+
T
1 dl dg
2 l g [ dT
− ,⇒ ×100=
T ] 1 dl
2 l
dg
g
1
[
×100− ×100 = [ 1±2 .5 ]
2 ]
Therefore the maximum error in T = 1.75%

4. Diameter of a cylindrical can D = 4 cm

Height of a cylindrical can h = 6 cm, δD=δh=0 . 1 cm

π
V = D2 h
Volume of the can 4

16
 π
δV = [ 2 Dh δD+D2 δh ]= π [ 2×4×6×0 .1+16×0 . 1 ] =5 .0336 cm 3
4 4

Lateral surface of the can = S=π Dh

2
δS=π [ δD . h+D . δh ]= π [ 0 .1×6+4×0. 1 ] =3 . 146 cm

5. Let x, y and z denote the length, width, and height of the box, respectively, and let t denote time in
seconds. Then

dx dy dz
=3 , =2 , =1
dt dt dt
At the instant when x=8,y=6 and z =4

dV
We want to find dt at that instant. For this purpose we use the volume formula V = xyz to obtain

dV ∂ V dx ∂V dy ∂V dz dx dy dz
= + + = yz +zx + xy =6 . 4 . 3+8 . 4 . 2+8 . 6. 1=184
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt dt dt dt

Thus the volume is increasing at a rate of 184 ft 3 /s at the given instant.

17
 Solution: Tutorial 4

1. f is continuous everywhere and therefore f has a maximum and a minimum value in the interval
[-1,1].
1 2
' 3
−
3 8 x−1
f ( x )=8 x −x = 2
3
x
1
' x=
Thus f ( x )=0 at 8 , and f ' ( x ) is undefined at x = 0. Evaluating f at these critical numbers
and end points we have

X -1 0 1/8 1
f(x) 9 0 -9/8 3

From the table we conclude that an absolute minimum value of -9/8 occurs at x = 1/8 and an
absolute maximum value of 9 occurs at x = -1.

2. Since f is continuous and differentiable everywhere, the absolute extrema must occur either at
'
endpoints of the interval or at solutions to the equation f ( x )=0 in the open interval (1,5).
f ' ( x )=0 ,⇒ 6 x 2−30 x +36=0 ,⇒ 6( x−2 )( x−3)=0 , ∴ x=2,3
Thus, there are stationary points at x = 2 and x = 3.
f (1 )=2 ( 1 )3 −15 ( 1 )2 +36(1)=23
3 2
f (2 )=2 ( 2 ) −15 (2 ) +36(2 )=28
f (3 )=2 ( 3 )3 −15 ( 3 )2 +36 (3)=27
3 2
f (5 )=2 ( 5 ) −15 ( 5 ) +36 (5)=55
from which we conclude that an absolute minimum of f on [1,5] is 23, occurring at x =1, and
absolute maximum of f on [1,5] is 55, occurring at x =5.

3.

y
x
18
 Figure: A rectangle

2
Let x = length of the rectangle (ft), y = width of the rectangle (ft), A = Area of the rectangle (ft ).
Then
A=xy , 2x+2 y=100, ⇒ y=50−x
∴ A=x(50−x)=50 x−x2 ,0≤x≤50
Since A is a polynomial in x, it is continuous on [0,50], and so the maximum must occur at an
endpoint of this interval or at a critical number.
dA
=50−2 x , ⇒ x=25
dx
Thus, the maximum occurs at one of the values x = 0, x = 25, x = 50.

X 0 25 50
f(x) 0 625 0

2
Table tells us that the maximum area of 625 ft occur at x =25, which is consistent and the
corresponding value of y is 25, so the rectangle of perimeter 100 ft with greatest area is a square
with sides of length 25 ft.

4. Let

∂z ∂z
z=f ( x, y )=x3 −3 x 2 −4 y 2 +2 ,∴ =3 x 2−6 x , =−8 y
∂x ∂y
For stationary points

3 x2 −6 x=0,−8 y=0,∴ x=0,2; y=0

Hence the stationary points are (0,0) and (2,0).
2 2 2
∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
=6 x−6 , 2 =−8 , =0
∂x 2
∂y ∂x∂ y
2 2 2
∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
2
=−6 , 2 =−8 , =0
At (0,0), ∂ x ∂y ∂x∂ y
2 2 2
∂ z ∂z ∂z
2
=6 , 2 =−8 , =0
At (2,0), ∂ x ∂y ∂x∂ y

( )
2
∂2 z
=0 , Δ( 0,0 ) =0− (−6 ) (−8 )=−48 , Δ( 2,0 ) =0−( 6 )(−8 )=48
∂x∂ y

( )
2
∂2 z ( 0,0 )
∵ Δ (0,0 )<0 , 2 <0
∂x
19
 The point (0,0) is a maximum point and hence the maximum value is 0.

∵ Δ(2,0 )>0
Since , the point (2,0) is a saddle point. The value of z at the saddle point is
2
23 −3 .22 −4 ( 0 ) +2=−2

Solution: Tutorial 5

1. Substituting u= √3 x ,du=√ 3dx yields

dx 1 du 1 1
∫ 1+ 3 x 2 = √ 3 ∫ 1+u2 = √ 3 tan−1 u+c= √ 3 tan−1 ( √ 3 x ) +c

∫ ( 1x +sec2 πx )dx =∫ dxx +∫ sec 2 π xdx=ln|x|+ 1π ∫ sec2 udu , u=πx ,⇒ du=π dx

2.

1 1
=ln|x|+ tanu+ c=ln|x|+ tan πx +c
π π
3. Let

du
u=sin x , ∴ =cos x , ⇒du=cos xdx
dx
u3 sin3 x
∴∫ sin x cos xdx=∫ u du= +c=
2 2
+c
3 3
4.Let

u=e x ,⇒ du=e x dx

x
∫ e dx2 x =∫ du 2 =sin−1 u+c=sin−1(e x )+c
√1−e √1−u
Then

5.

20
 Solution: Tutorial 6
1.
6 2 6 2 6
∫ f ( x)dx=∫ f (x )dx+∫ f ( x )dx=∫ x dx+∫ (3 x−2)dx 2

0 0 2 0 2

[][ ]( )
3 2 6
x 3 x2 8 128
¿ + −2 x = −0 +(42−2)=
3 0 2 2 3 3
2. Let
1
x 2 +1=u , ∴ 2 xdx=du ,⇒ xdx= du
2
x=0, ⇒u=1
x=2,⇒ u=5

[ ]
2 5 5
1 u4 625 1
∴∫ x ( x +1 ) dx = ∫ u 3 du=
2 3
= − =78
0 2 1 8 1 8 8
π
1
V AB = ∫ ( 10 sin ωt +3 sin 3 ωt +2 sin5 ωt ) d (ωt )
3.
π0

( )
π
1 2
−10cos ωt−cos3 ωt− cos5ωt
= π 5 0

( )
π
1 2 2
−10 cos π−cos3 π − cos5 π +10 cos0+cos 0+ cos0 =7 .26
= π 5 5 0
4.
∫ 2 θ sin θdθ=2 θ (−cosθ ) −∫ (−cosθ ) 2θdθ=−2 θ cosθ+2 sin θ+c
π
π

[ ]
2
π π
∴∫ 2 θ sin θdθ=[ −2 θ cosθ+2 sin θ+c ] = − π cos +2 sin +c − [ 0+ 2sin 0+ c ] =2
2
0
0
2 2

21
 4 4

∫ x 23−4 dx=3∫ ( x−2 1)( x +2 ) dx .

3 3

5.

Let,

1 A B A( x +2 )+B( x−2 )
= + =
( x−2 ) ( x+2) x −2 x+2 ( x−2 ) ( x+2 )
∴1=A ( x+ 2)+B( x−2)
1 1
x=2 ,⇒ A= , x=−2 , ⇒ B=
4 −4

[( )] [ ] [ ]
4 4 4
3 1 1 1 3 x−2 3 2 1
∴∫ 2 dx=3 ∫ − dx = ln = ln −ln =0 . 383
3 x −4 3 4 x−2 x−2 4 x +2 3 4 6 5

22
 Solution: Tutorial 7

1. The position function is

1
s(t )=∫ v (t )dt=∫ cosπ tdt = sin πt+c
π , s = 4 at time t = 0 gives

1
4=s(0 )= sin 0+c , ∴ c=4
π
1
∴ s(t )= sin πt+4
π

2.(a) From Hooke’s law,

F( x )=kx
From the data, F(x) = 5N when x = 1m, so 5=k.1. Thus the spring constant k = 5 netons per meter (N/m).
This means that the force F(x) required to stretch the spring x meter is F(x) = 5x.

[ ]
b 1. 8 1.8
5 x2
W=∫ F ( x )dx= ∫ 5 xdx= =8 .1 J
(b) Work a 0 2 0

3. (i) Half a cycle means the limits are 0 to π radians.

Mean value,
π π
1 1 100 π 100
ȳ= ∫ vd ( ωt )= ∫ 100 sin ( ωt ) d ( ωt )= [ −cos ( ωt ) ] 0 = [−cos π + cos 0 ] =200 =63 . 66
π−0 0 π 0 π π π
volts. (5)

(ii) r.m.s. value

23
 √{ } √{ } √{ }
π π π
1 1 10000
= ∫
π 0
v 2 d ( ωt ) = ∫
π 0
(100 sin ωt )2 d ( ωt ) =
π
∫ sin 2 ω td ( ωt )
0

√{ } √{ [ ]}
π π
10000 1 10000 sin 2ωt
¿ . ∫ ( 1−cos 2 ωt ) d ( ωt ) = . ωt −
π 2 0 2π 2 0

¿
√{
10000
2π }
. π =70 . 71 volts

√(
2π 2π 2π

4.
L=∫
0
dt)( )
dx 2 dy 2
+
dt
=∫ √(−a sin t )2 + ( a cos t )2 dt=∫ adt=2 πa
0 0

2
5.To find the end points we write y=x and y =x+6. This yields
2 2
x =x +6 , ⇒ x −x−6=0 , ∴ ( x−3 )( x +2 )=0 , ∴ x=−2,3
The required area

[ ]
3 3

−2
x2
A=∫ [ ( x +6 ) −x ]dx= +6 x−
2
x3
3
2
−2
=
27
2 ( )
22 125
−− =
3 6

24
 Solution: Tutorial 8

1. The required volume

4 4 4
∫ πy dx=∫ π ( x +4 ) dx =∫ π ( x 4 +8 x 2 +16 ) dx
2 2 2

1 1 1

[ ]
4
x5 8 x3
¿π + +16 x
= 5 3 1

=420. 6 π cubic units

2. The required volume is
b 4
x 2 4 15 π
V =∫ π [ f ( x ) ] dx=∫ π xdx=π
2
]=
a 1 2 1 2 .

3.

[ ]
3 2 3 2 3 3

∫∫ ( 1+8 xy ) dydx=∫ ∫ ( 1+8 xy ) dy dx=∫ [ 2 2

y+4 xy ] y=1 dx= ∫ ( 2+16 x−1−4 x ) dx
0 1 0 1 0 0
3
3
¿ ∫ ( 1+12 x ) dx=[ x +6 x 2 ] 0 =57
0

4.

[ ]
2 3 2 3 2 2

∫∫ ( 1+8 xy ) dxdy=∫ ∫ ( 1+8 xy ) dx dy=∫ [ x+4 x 2 3

y ]x=0 dy=∫ ( 3+36 y ) dy
1 0 1 0 1 1
2
¿ [ 3 y +18 ]
y 2 1 =57

25
5.

[ ]
1

( ) [ ]
2 1 2 2 2
x2 7 7y 2
V =∬ ( 4−x− y ) dA=∫ ∫ ( 4−x − y ) dxdy =∫ 4 x− −xy dy=∫ − y dy= − y =5 .
R 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0

Solution: Tutorial 9

4 '
θ=tan−1 =53∘ 8
√ 2 2
1.Modulus, r= ( 3 ) + ( 4 ) =5 and argument 3
∘ '
Hence 3 + i4 = 5 ∠53 8

2.Using trigonometric ratios, x=4 cos30∘=3. 464 , y=4 sin 30∘=2

Hence 4∠30∘=3.464+i2
5
θ=tan−1 =144 . 46 ∘
r= √ (−7 ) + ( 5 ) =√ 74
2 2
3.Modulus, and argument −7

-7 + i5 = √ 74∠144.46∘ 5∠53 8
∘ '

n
Applying De Moivre’s theorem ( [ r ∠θ ] =r n ∠nθ ). :
4
(−7+i 5 )4=[ √ 74 ∠144 . 46∘ ] =√ 74 4 ∠4×144.46 ∘=5476 ∠577 . 84∘=5476 ∠217 .84 ∘ in
polar form.

4. Impedance , Z = 15 ∠−60 Ω=15 ( cos (−60 )+i sin(−60 ) ) )=(7. 5−i12 .99 )Ω , hence
∘ ∘ ∘

Resistance = 7.5Ω and capacitive reactance,

X c =12. 99Ω

6
1 1 10
Xc= C= = =245 μF
2 π fc then Capacitance
2 π fX c 2 π ( 50 )( 12 . 99 )

26
5.(i) Impedance Z =( 60−i 100 ) Ω
Hence resistance = 60 Ω

Capacitive reactance
X c =100 Ω and since

1
Xc=
2 π fC then
6
1 1 10
C= = = μF=31. 83 μF
(ii)Capacitance, 2 π fX c 2 π (50 )(100 ) 2 π (50 )(100 )

|Z|=√ ( 60 ) + (−100 ) =116.6Ω

2 2
(iii)Magnitude of impedance,

(iv)Phase angle, arg

Z =tan −1 (60−100 )=−59 2 ∘ '

Solution: Tutorial 10

1.

3
y=4 sinh 2 x − cosh3 x
7
dy 3 9
=4 ( 2 cosh 2 x )− . 3 sinh 3 x =8 cosh2 x− sinh 3 x
dx 7 7
2.

y=4 sin 3 t cosh 4 t

dy
∴ =4 sin 3 t( 4 sinh 4t )+cosh4 t( 4 )(3 cos3t )
dx
=4( 4 sin 3 t sinh 4 t+3 cos3t cosh 4 t )
3.The length L of the catenary is

[ √ ( ) ] ∫ [√ ( ) ] ∫ [ √ ( )]
10 10 10 10

( )
2 2
dy dy x x
L= ∫ 1+ dx=2 1+ dx=2 2
1+sinh dx=2∫ cosh dx
−10 dx 0 dx 0 10 0 10
x 10 e1 −e−1
¿20 sinh |0 =20 [ sinh 1−sinh 0 ]=20 sinh 1=20 ≈23 .50
10 2
4.

27
 e x −e− x 2
sinh x=3 ,⇒ =3 ,∴ e x −e−x −6=0 , ⇒ ( e x ) −( e− x )( e x )−6 e x=0
2
x 2
∴ ( e ) −6 e −1=0
x

6± √ 36−4 . 1 .(−1 ) 6±6 . 3246

∴ e x= = =6 .1623 ,−0. 1623
2. 1 2 .1
∴ x=ln 6 .1623 ,

or, x=ln(−0 . 1623) which has no solution.

Hence x=ln 6 . 1623=1 . 818

Solution: Tutorial 11

1.The given vectors will be parallel if their vector product is zero.

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
A⃗ × ⃗B =| 2 −3 −1|=0 ⃗i +0 ⃗j +0 ⃗k =0
−6 9 3
Hence the given vectors are parallel.

⃗ × ⃗B is a vector perpendicular to the plane of A⃗ and B⃗ .

2. A

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
A⃗ ×B=|2 −1 1 |=−3 ⃗i +5 ⃗j+11 { ⃗k ¿
3 4 −1
The required unit vector is

⃗A ×B⃗ −3 ⃗i +5 ⃗j+11 { ⃗k −3 ⃗i +5 ⃗j+11 { ⃗k

= = ¿¿
|A⃗ ×B⃗| √ 9+25+121 √ 155
28
3. Volume of the required parallelepiped is scalar triple product of the given vectors.

2 −3 4
∴ ⃗A . ( ⃗B×C⃗ )=|1 2 −1 |=6+15−28=−7
3 −1 2
Therefore, the required volume (absolute value) of parallelepiped = 7.

4.

2 3 −4
D=| 1 −5 −3 |=129
−7 2 6
26 3 −4
DI =|−87 −5 −3 |=1290
1
12 2 6
2 26 −4
DI =|1 −87 −3 |=1806
2
−7 12 6
2 3 26
DI =|1 −5 −87|=1161
3
−7 2 12

1290 1806 1161

∴ I 1= =10 mA , I 2= =14 mA , I 3 = =9 mA
129 129 129

29
5. The given system can be written as
AX = B
∴( A−1 A ) X= A−1 B ,⇒ IX=A−1 B ,
⇒ X= A−1 B ..........(1)
Where

A= ( 34 −35 ) , X =( xy ), B=(197 )
−9−20 (−4 3 ) 29 ( 4 −3 )
1 −3 −5 1 3 5
A−1 = =
From equation (1) we get

( xy )=129 ( 34 5−3 )×(719)=129 (21+95 )

28−57 −1
=( 4 )

∴ x=4 , y=−1 .

30