Week 13 and 14-Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces Contents

Introduction 
Example (4)

Centre of Gravity 
Center of Gravity

Centre of Mass 
Center of Mass

Centroid (lines, Area, volume)  Centroid of a Volume

Tips for Integration  Centroid of an Area

Example (1)  Centroid of a Line

Composite Techniques  Analysis Procedure

Example (2) 
Example (5)

Beams-External Effects 
Example (6)

Beams-Internal Effects 
Example (7)

Example (3) 
Example (8)
2
Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS
Distributed Forces

Introduction
Distributed Forces

Centre of Gravity
Distributed Forces

Centre of Gravity
Distributed Forces

Centre of Mass
Distributed Forces

Centre of Mass
Distributed Forces

Centroid
Distributed Forces

Centroid Distributed Forces

Tips for Integration
Distributed Forces

Tips for Integration Distributed Forces

Example (1)
Distributed Forces

Example (1)
Distributed Forces

Composite Techniques
Distributed Forces

Composite Techniques
Distributed Forces

Example (2)
Distributed Forces -Composite Techniques

Solution

Solution

Beams-External Effects
Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Beams-Internal Effects
Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Example (3) Beams-Internal Effects
Distributed Forces

Solution Beams-Internal Effects
Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Example (4) Beams-Internal Effects
Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Distributed Forces

Center of Gravity
 Consider a body composed of

an infinite number of particles
of differential size (dx, dy, dz).
 If the body is located in a

gravitational field, each
differential particle will have
a weight, dW.
 The differential weights dW
will be approximately
parallel to one another
 The resultant of the these

differential weights is the
weight of the body and its point
of action is the centre of gravity,
G, of the body.
49
Center of Gravity
 If we take sum force in z-axis,

assuming an infinitely large
number differential elements, we
get the weight of the body.
W Fz  dW  dW

 The location of the centre of ~~~
x , y, z are coordinates of particles
gravity can be determine by taking
moments of the differential weights
about the coordinate axes.
~ ~
 xdW
M R y  M y xW  xdW  x
dW
~
~  ydW
M R x  M x  yW   ydW  y  dW
~ x, y, z are coordinates of Cg
~  z dW
M R y  M y zW  z dW  z  dW
50
Center of Mass
 For dynamic response analysis or

accelerated motion of a body, it is
important to know the centre of mass,
Cm, of the body.
 Assuming a uniform gravitational

field, W=mg and dW=gdm, the centre
of mass can be written as:
~ ~ ~
 x dW g  x dm  x dm
x  
dW g dm dm
~ ~ ~
  ydW g  ydm  ydm
y  
dW g dm dm x, y, z
~ ~ ~ The point whose coordinates
 z dW g  z dm  z dm

z  are is known as the
dW g dm dm Centre of Mass, Cm
51
Centroid of a Volume
 If a body is made of homogeneous

material, i.e. has constant density, r
 Then, dm=rdv and the centroid
of volume is given as:
~ ~ ~
 x dm r  x dV  x dV
x  
dm r dV dV
~ ~ ~
  ydm r  ydV  ydV
y  
dm r dV dV The point C whose
~
 z dm
~
r  z dV
~
 z dV
coordinates are is
z
   known as the
dm r dV dV centroid.
52
Centroid of an Area
 If an area
lies in the
x-y plane
and bounded
by a curve
y=f(x),
then the
centroid of
the area is:
~ ~
 x dA  ydA
x  , y 
dA dA
 In most cases it is possible to
determine the centroid of an area
with a single integral by diving
the area into rectangular strips
 Vertical strips
~ ~ y
x  x, y  2 , dA  ydx
53
Centroid of an Area
 Horizontal strips
~ x ~
x  2 , y  y, dA  xdy
 ~
 x dA  –first moment of
xA
area about y-axis
~
  ydA  yA –first moment area
about x-axis
~ ~
 x dA  ydA
x  , y 
dA dA
54
Centroid of a Line
 If a line segment lies on the x-y

plane and can be described by the
equation y=f(x), then the centroid of
the line is given as:
~ ~
 
x dL y
ydL

x dL ,
dL
 dx 2 2  dy 2 2   dy  2 
dL  dx 2
 dy 2  
 dx 
 dx  
 dx 
 dx 


1 
 dx  
 
dx
 
2 2  2 
 dx  2  dy  2   dx  
dL  dx2  dy2  


 dy 
 

 dy  



 1 dy
 dy   dy    dy  
 
55
Analysis Procedure
 The centre of gravity of a body, centroid of a shape, or volume can be

determined by the following procedure:
 Select coordinate axes and differential element for integration:
 dL for lines;
 dA for areas; and,
 dV for volumes.
 Express dL, dA, and dV in terms of the
coordinate axes and express
~ ~ ~
the moment arms
terms of the~ coordinate~~ axes
x,y,z for the centroid or centre of gravity in
x,y,z
~ ~ ~
– Substitute formulations for x,y,z into dL, dA, and dV and
integrate.
56
Example 5

Locate the centre of mass xc of the straight rod if its mass
per unit length is given by:
57
Solution
 The centre of mass will

be along the x-axis with
coordinates (xc,0).
 x2 
 xm 1 2
dx
x   xdm 
o  
 L 
c
dm  m 1
 x 2 dx
2
 Using the equation for

o  
 L 
2 4
centre of mass, we get: x x L
m   
o  2
 
2
4L 0  9L
L
 x3  16
mo  x 2


 3L 0
58
Example 6
Determine the centroid of the

shaded area
59
Example 6
 Using a vertical strip express the coordinates and area of the rectangular
strip
Solution:
~x  x
y
~y 
2
dA  ydx
from the equations for centroid of area
 x5 1
~ 1 x  ydx 1 x4 dx  
 x dA 0 0   5 0 4 m
x  1 1 1
 dA  ydx  x3dx x 
4 5
 
4

0 0
 0
1 x7 1
~ 1

y  ydx 1 1 x6 dx 2 
 ydA 0 2 
2
0  
7
0 4 m
y  1 1 1
 dA  ydx  x3dx x
4
 14
 
0 0
4
 0
60
Example 7
The plate has a thickness of 0.5 in. and is

made of steel having a specific weight of
3
490 lb/ft . Determine the horizontal and
vertical components of reaction at the pin A
and the force in the cord at B.
61
Solution
Solution:
0 .5
W  12 490  A
3 3 1
A  dA   xdy  3  y 2 dy
A 0 0
3 3
A3 2 y 2  6 ft 2
3 0
~ x ~
x  2; y  y; dA  xdy
x2
y 3; x  3 y
1
2
~ 3 x  xdy 1 3 3ydy

 x dA 0 2 2 0
x A  A  A
1  3 32
2 2 6.75
x 6  6  1.125 ft
62
Solution
0 .5
W 12  490 6  122.5 lb TB
 MA  0 W 1.125TB 3 1.125 C
 122.51.125 0 g
T 45.9 lb
B3
 Fx  0  T B  Ax  0
A
Ax  TB  45.9 lb x W
 Fy  0  Ay W  0
Ay  122.5 lb  123 lb
63
Example 8
 Determine the mass and locate the centre

of mass, ym, of the hemisphere formed by
revolving the shaded area about the y-axis.
The density at any point in the hemisphere
can be defined as indicated below.
64
Solution
choose a differential element perpendicular to y axis

~ 
y y
A  z 2 dV
 z 2 dy y
dm  rz 2 dy
a a
2  y 2 2
~
dy
m   rz dy   ro 1  a y dy
y   ydm
0 0  a m dm
m  r
a 
a2  y2  ay 
y 3 dy a 
yrz dy
2
r 0
a

ya

2
y
2
 ay 
y3
dy

0    a 
y  0
 0
0  a m a 2 a  2 2 y3 
 rz dy r y  ay 
 0  
a dy
3 2 4 a 3  a
m  r 0 a 2 y  y  ay  y   11a
0 0
   a2 2 1 4 a 3 1 5 a 23
 y  y  y  y  4
4a

  a
y  2 4 3 5a 0
 60
 3 2 0 12 m 11a3 11 a 3
12 12
y 23
m  55 a
65
The End of Week 13 & 14-Distributed forces
Thank you
66
Mechanics of Machines MEE3MMC

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Distributed Forces Contents

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

Engineering Mechanics -Statics MEE1EMS

 Consider a body composed of

 If the body is located in a

 The resultant of the these

 If we take sum force in z-axis,

W Fz  dW  dW

 For dynamic response analysis or

 Assuming a uniform gravitational

 If a body is made of homogeneous

 If a line segment lies on the x-y

 The centre of gravity of a body, centroid of a shape, or volume can be

 The centre of mass will

 Using the equation for

Determine the centroid of the

The plate has a thickness of 0.5 in. and is

 Determine the mass and locate the centre

choose a differential element perpendicular to y axis