Role of Communication in LS Feb 2023 PDF

The Role of
Communication
in Leadership
Dieter Erkes
dieter.erkes@gmail.com Feb 2023
Good speakers are not born,
they are developed.

This lecture is designed
to improve
existing communication skills
and to develop an
effective and successful
presentation style.
Social psychologist Amy Cuddy (Harvard Business School)
is studying how we evaluate people we meet.
Can we trust that person?
Can we respect that person?

Presentation Technique
COMMUNICATION
Communication needs Motivation
Communication needs
Common Symbols
Communication needs an Audience
Communication needs an Aim
to inform to explain
to educate to convince
from general
to specific
Def.: The American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed. Published by Delta, 1992.
Rhetoric is the study of

effective speaking and writing
and the art of persuasion. 14
Rhetoric requires a fundamental division
between what is communicated through language
and how this is communicated.
what how
= =
content form 15
Canons of Rhetoric
Rhetoric, as an art, has long been divided
into five major categories or “canons”.
1. Invention
2. Arrangement
3. Style
4. Memory
5. Delivery
16
Canons of Rhetoric
The Five Canons of Rhetoric constitute a system
and guide on crafting powerful speeches and writing.
Invention
The process of developing and refining arguments.
17
Canons of Rhetoric
Arrangement
The process of arranging and organizing arguments. 18
Canons of Rhetoric
Style
The process of determining how to present the arguments.
19
Canons of Rhetoric
Memory
The process of learning and memorizing the speech.
Canons of Rhetoric
Delivery
The process of practicing how to deliver the speech.
Considerations
Table 1. You
of Contents The person
2. Audience
transmitting the information.
Structure The person
of the 3. Environment
receiving the information.
Presentation The environment
4. Organization
in which the information
is being transmitted.
Organizing thoughts
5. Technique
to be communicated.
Techniques used
to present
the information.
1. YOU
The Transmitter
Speaker‟s personality
or
speaker‟s character and values.
24
Does the speaker seem trustworthy?
Speaker’s personality
25
Is the speaker enthusiastic?
26
Is the speaker authentic?
27
Does the speaker have professional competence?
28
Does the speaker have similarities with the audience?
29
Does the speaker show calmness?
30
Does the speaker keeps contact with the audience?
31
Does the speaker show emotions?
32
Does the speaker value the audience?
33
Establish
credibility and authority
with the audience.
Competence
Character
Caring
Power
Position
Personal
35
Be yourself
but develop
36
Charisma is a collection
of traits and behaviors
that make you appeal
to other people.
37
A person who is charismatic
is exceptionally engaging,
likeable, trustworthy,
and, in many cases,
a bit "magical."
38
Charismatic Speakers
are self-confident, assured, humorous, and happy.
39
are lively, energetic,
knowledgably about their subject,
and have
an opinion about their subject.
40
connect and build strong rapport
with their audience,
and have a stage presence.
41
show emotions,
are enthusiastic and convinced.
42
are expansive,
inspiring, and uplifting.
43
are positive in outlook,
organized, precise,
and complete.
44
are honest, fair, patient,
well mannered,
and responsible.
45
… can be developed 46
47
Talk with your hands
48
Inspire people
49
Bring people together
50
Focus on the person
you‟re speaking to
51
Engage people
52
Use their name
53
Listen and ask questions
54
Project positivity
55
Display open body language
56
Watch your posture
57
Watch your smile
58
Watch your smile
Don’t be one-dimensional,
smile at times
to create warmth,
be stoic at other times
to convey mystery.
59
Mirroring
60
Tell stories
61
62
be
yourself
63
COMMUNICATION
Latin: “communicare”
to impart, to participate, to share
COMMUNICATION
is a process of exchanging
verbal and non-verbal messages
The objective of communication
is not
transmission of information
but
the reception.
Make your message understood and remembered.

Communication
involves three components:
non verbal messages
verbal messages
para verbal messages

Communication
verbal messages
the words we choose
7%
Effective verbal messages:
1. Are brief, concise, organized
2. Are free of jargon
3. Do not create resistance

Denotative
and
Connotative
Meaning70
blue
Denotative Connotative
Meaning Meaning
A portion
of the visual spectrum
the specificby
dominated meaning
energy the idea
associated with a word associated with a word
with a wavelength of
440-490 nanometers.
71
Denotative and Connotative Meaning
Audience Analysis
to avoid
miscommunication
and
misunderstanding
72
Denotative and Connotative Meaning
73
used in speaking
and
used for texts
74
Differences between
oral and written language
Oral language has

shorter sentences;
a smaller variety of words;
words with fewer syllables;
more self-reference words (I, me, mine);
more superlative words (none, all, every, never);
more repetition of words. 75
SUMUP: Reduce Miscommunication
76
Communication
Paraverbal messages:
1. Tone, pitch, pacing
2. How we say something
3. Depend on temper
38 %
paraverbal messages
how we say the words
Para Verbal Communication
The Power of Pitch
Pitch is the key of your voice

A high pitch is often interpreted as anxious or upset
A low pitch sounds more serious and authoritative 79
The Truth About Tone
10%
of conflicts is due to
difference in opinion.
90 %
is due to wrong
tone of voice. 80
The Strength of Speed
too fast
vs.
too slow
81
Communication
Nonverbal messages are the

primary way to communicate
emotions:
1. Facial expressions
2. Postures
55 % 3. Gestures
nonverbal messages
our body language
Body Language
has more than
700 000
gestures
Oxford English Dictionary
171,476 words
average active vocabulary
20,000 words
83
Body Language – Facial Expressions
The human face

alone can
portray some
3500 different
feelings
or
emotions.
84
non-verbal
communication/
body language
non-verbal
communication/
body language
non-verbal
communication/
body language
The four distances
of relationship
between people.
( In Western Society )
non-verbal
Intimate Distance (touching – 45 cm)
communication/
body language
Personal Distance (45 cm – 1.2 m)
Social Distance (1.3 m – 3.6 m)
Public Distance (3.7 m – 4.5 m)

non-verbal
communication/
body language
6 Powerful Body Language Tips
90
Boost your confidence
Keep your arms open

and in a
certain distance from your body.
91
Show your standpoint
Stand confidently on both feet.

Make controlled movements
towards the audience.
92
Make your audience comfortable
Begin your presentation with

a smile.
Smiling is
our most powerful weapon.
93
Engage people
Gesture with your

arms and hands
in a natural way.
94
Demonstrate authority
Keep calm.
Use small and stiff gestures.

This way
people will trust you
and view you as a
confident person.
95
Make your audience “buy your story”
Use positive gestures.
Nodding,
open gestures,
smiling,
mirroring,
etc.
96
Communication Barriers
Language
Barriers
terminology
specialist jargon
abbreviations
regional expressions
The objective of communication
is not
transmission of information
but That‟s all about
the reception. You!
The person
transmitting the information.
Make your message

understood
and
remembered.
Presentations
are about their audiences,
not about their speakers.

2. AUDIENCE
The Target
Whatever type of speaking you are doing,
the goal is
to communicate
with others.
Audience Analysis
Know as much as possible about your audience
Demographic Information
Psychographic Information
Why have they come?

The audience is a mirror of the presenter.
Look at your audience.
mood for mood

minute by minute
The general state of the audience
What time of the day to give the presentation?

Involve the Audience
107
Use all features of persuasive delivery.
eye contact – body language – voice

108
Improve audience‟s attention
109
The Typical Attention Curve
Beginning
Audience Attention
Conclusion
10 min
10 min
Presentation Time
110
The Improved Attention Curve
Final Conclusion
Introduction
Audience Attention
Efficient Presentation
Average Presentation
Presentation Time
111
Involving your audience
Summery
Involving your audience is essential
to making an impact.
Your presentation should

pull them in,
get their attention,
stimulate their thoughts and understanding.
112
Create a mutually
beneficial relationship.
That‟s all about the

Audience!
The person
receiving the information.
3. ENVIRONMENT
The Where
Know your equipment
Seating Arrangements
Lithuanian order of precedence:
1. President of Lithuania
2. Speaker of Seimas
3. Prime Minister of Lithuania
4. President of the Constitutonal Court of Lithuania
5. Former Presidents of Lithuania
6. Signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania
7. First Deputy Speaker of the Seimas
8. Ministers of the Republic of Lithuania
9. Foreign Ambassadors, accredited to the Republic of Lithuania
...
20. Chief of Defence of Lithuania
That‟s all about the Environment!
The environment
in which the information is being transmitted.
4. ORGANIZATION
The Why
Organizing thoughts
to be communicated.
What What
I they want
know to know
Where Where
the audience Objective
Your Job they need
is. to be.
Determine and isolate
the essential parts
of the
message!
Essential
Information
That‟s all about Organizing thoughts
to be communicated.
Organization
… go hand-in-hand
in effective
presentations!
5. TECHNIQUE
The How
Structure your presentation
Introduction Main Body Summary Q&A
Tell your audience what you are going to tell them,

then tell them,
and finally tell them what you have told them.
Seven stages
in planning your presentation
Preparation
Choosing your main points
Choosing your supporting

information
Establishing linking elements
Developing an opening
Developing a conclusion
Reviewing your presentation

130
1st stage: Preparation
objective audience
location task
131
2nd stage: Choosing your main points
The major ideas
developed in the Main Body
of your presentation.
AMain
B CBody
D E
132
3rd stage: Choosing supporting information
Supporting information
helps the audience
understand,
believe in
and agree with
your main points.
133
4th stage: Establishing linking statements
Linking statements
send signals to your audience,
highlighting the next point,
linking to earlier ideas,
or clarifying the stage you have reached.134
5th stage: Developing opening
“You never get a second chance

to make a first impression.”
Introduction
Use the introduction

to lay a clear foundation
for the presentation to follow.
6th stage: Developing a conclusion
The conclusion,
like the opening,
is another important stage in your presentation.
Summary
136
6th stage: Developing a conclusion
The conclusion, like the opening,
is another important stage in your presentation.
Main Main Main Main Main

Opening Conclusion
Point Point Point Point Point
The conclusion connects the beginning with the end,

covering all main points. 137
7th stage: Reviewing your presentation
Does the presentation meet your objectives?

Is it logically structured?
Have you targeted the material at the right level?
Is the presentation too long or too short?
138
Introduction Main Body Summary Q&A
Handling questions
People don't ask questions to get answers.
They ask questions to show

how smart they are.
Handling questions
Keep cool if a questioner disagrees with you.
You are a professional!

No matter how hard you try, not everybody in the world will agree with you.
How to create great slides
Do
not
kill by
power point!
https://www.google.com/search …
Your Slides
are not your “Teleprompter”
Go to “Slide
Your Show” and activate
“Teleprompter” is your“Use Presenter
“Presenter View”
View”
SLIDE DOCUMENT
Mr. Ninety
Cause of death:
Power Point
Use visual aids
to amplify the understanding of your message
Include slides to help your audience

not to help yourself
Text-heavy slides are boring
Minimize text on slides
Sometimes no text is the best option

157
“THREE-SECOND RULE”
People should get your message in
3 SECONDS
159
What to show on slides?
Pictures Charts
A picture is worth a thousand words
161
Don‟t use pictures only
to add decoration to a slide
162
Sometimes text is needed
LARGE
BOLD
IMPACTFUL
Add text over non-noisy sections
of the
background image
Public Speaking
is like Bungee
Jumping
Add color to the text box
to make your text readable
against busy backgrounds
Add color to the text box
Use semi-transparent text boxes
Use the 6 x 6 rule
Max 6 words per line and 6 lines per slide.
This old man, he plays one he plays knick knack on

Twinkle,
my thumb twinkle,
with a knick littlewack
knack paddy star,
give a dog a bone this old man comes rolling home.
How
This old man,Ihe wonder
plays two what
he playsyou
knick are!
knack on
my shoe with a knick knack paddy wack give a dog
a boneUpthisabove
old man comes rolling home.
the world so high,
This old man, he plays three he plays knick knack
on my knee with a knick knack paddy wack give a
Like a diamond in the sky.
dog a bone this old man comes rolling home.
Stick to only two fonts
Slide title guidelines:
Use assertions, not topics
Injuries by Month: Jan - Sep New policies reduce injuries
describes indicates
what is being charted new safety policies are working!
173
Check the readability of your slides
Font size on slides Make text large enough
to read
44 FGHIJK678 44 FGHIJK678
40 ABCDE2345 40 ABCDE2345
36 VWXTZ8901 36 VWXTZ8901
32 PQRSTU567 32 PQRSTU567
28 IJKLMNO234 28 IJKLMNO234
24 DEFGH78901 24 DEFGH78901
20 XYZABC23456 20 XYZABC23456
18 TUVW5678901 18 TUVW5678901
16 OPQRS901234 16 OPQRS901234
14 HIJKLMN45678 14 HIJKLMN45678
12 ABCDEFG123 12 ABCDEFG123
Use Color, Weight and Size
to highlight important words

Don‟t use CAPS in text only!
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO BE
ABLE TO READ THE MESSAGE
EASILY AND TO CATCH THE IDEA.
THEREFORE YOU SHOULDN‟T USE
CAPITAL LETTERS IN TEXT ONLY.
Its Hard to Read – Clutters Space
Use Initial Caps For Short Statements

Don‟t reduce readability gratuitously
Font Decorations
Underlining crops letters: gjpgyq
Shadows add little but gives nothing
Can you read this? Or this? Or this?

Underlining crops letters:
gjpqy
178
It‟s about
readability!
Words and visuals must fit together
Today we‟re introducing a new, portable music player

that‟s weighs a mere 6.5 ounces, is about the size
of a sardine can, and boasts voluminous capacity,
long battery life, and lightning-fast transfer speeds.
Visuals should use a minimal number of words.

181
182
No Bullet Points - Be Creative
Orthography-Check
spelling
185
Orthography-Check
punctuation
, ; : . ! ? „ “ - / () [ ] *
186
187
188
A husband on a business trip
sent this to his wife:
189
Visuals help improve
information clarity and retention
Data - Statistics - Graphs - Charts

Regular jogging increases
life expectancy by
years
Use the right graphs and charts
192
Use Pie Graphs to show percentages
Limit the slices to 4-6 and contrast the most important slice
either with color or by exploding the slice.
193
Pie Graphs
are a great way to communicate complex information,
but also easy to deliver information overload.

194
Vertical Bar Graphs
are great for changes in quantity over time.
Best to limit the bars to 4-8.

195
Horizontal Bar Graphs
are used to compare quantities.
196
Line Graphs
are used to display trends over time.
197
Organizational Charts
relate the work force of organizations.
198
Organizational Charts
Also possible to develop the chart. But don‟t overdo!

199
3.5 If you can dream it
you can achieve it
3.0
2.5
2.0 2015
2010
2012
2013
2014
2016
2017
2018
2011
200
201
Animate your slides
… and again,
don‟t overdo!
Better
animate your audience,
not your slides.
202
Color is emotional
Use colors to evoke feelings, to persuade, and to motivate.
203
Black
heavy,
mournful,
technical,
formal,
death.
204
Brown
earth,
simplicity,
outdoors.
205
Blue
peace,
trust,
confidence,
security.
206
Purple
royalty,
wisdom,
spirituality,
mystery. 207
Green
nature,
environment,
health,
reptiles,
insects. 208
Gray
conservative,
practical,
reliability,
security. 209
Red
passion,
excitement,
love,
intensity,
heat,
aggression.
210
Orange
warmth,
expansive,
flamboyant.
Yellow
optimism,
happiness,
idealism,
imagination.
212
White
purity,
reverence,
cleanliness,
simplicity.
213
Use visual aids
to improve audience’s understanding,

and enhance audience memory and retention
of the message.
To add variety and interest to the speech,

and enhance your credibility as a speaker. 214
DESIGN ISN’T JUST
HOW SOMETHING LOOKS.
IT’S HOW IT WORKS.
STEVE JOBS
keep slides simple
one slide – one idea
3 seconds rule
216
Visualize your message
but
don‟t kill by Power Point
217
That‟s all about the
Technique!
Techniques used
to present
the information.
Practice makes perfect
After a concert,
a fan rushed up to
famed violinist
Fritz Kreisler
and says:
“I‟d give up my whole
life to play as beautiful
as you do.”
Kreisler replied,
“I did.”
Successful
Presentations
1. You
2. Audience
3. Environment
4. Organization
5. Technique
Make Yourself Heard!
Understood!
Remembered!
Dieter Erkes
dieter.erkes@gmail.com

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The Role of

they are developed.

Can we trust that person?

Can we respect that person?

Rhetoric is the study of

Make your message understood and remembered.

non verbal messages

para verbal messages

1. Are brief, concise, organized

2. Are free of jargon

3. Do not create resistance

Oral language has

1. Tone, pitch, pacing

2. How we say something

Pitch is the key of your voice

Nonverbal messages are the

Oxford English Dictionary

The human face

Social Distance (1.3 m – 3.6 m)

Public Distance (3.7 m – 4.5 m)

Keep your arms open

Stand confidently on both feet.

Begin your presentation with

Gesture with your

Use small and stiff gestures.

Use positive gestures.

Make your message

are about their audiences,

not about their speakers.

Why have they come?

Look at your audience.

mood for mood

What time of the day to give the presentation?

eye contact – body language – voice

Your presentation should

That‟s all about the

Introduction Main Body Summary Q&A

Tell your audience what you are going to tell them,

Choosing your main points

Choosing your supporting

Establishing linking elements

Reviewing your presentation

your main points.

“You never get a second chance

Use the introduction

Main Main Main Main Main

The conclusion connects the beginning with the end,

Does the presentation meet your objectives?

They ask questions to show

You are a professional!

Include slides to help your audience

Minimize text on slides

Sometimes no text is the best option

This old man, he plays one he plays knick knack on

Injuries by Month: Jan - Sep New policies reduce injuries

to highlight important words

Use Initial Caps For Short Statements

Underlining crops letters: gjpgyq

Shadows add little but gives nothing

Can you read this? Or this? Or this?

Today we‟re introducing a new, portable music player

Visuals should use a minimal number of words.

Data - Statistics - Graphs - Charts