Case Study Bagallon Final

Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
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Analysis of Jet pump flowing properties and optimization for oil and gas production
An Output
Presented to the Faculty of CEAT
Capiz State University Roxas City Main Campus
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Course

ME 323 – Fluid Machineries
Submitted By:
Bagallon, Lenea A.
March 6, 2023
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

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Abstract
During oil fields operation, gas is extracted along with oil. In this article it is
suggested to use jet pumps for utilization of the associated oil gas, burning of which causes
environmental degradation and poses a potential threat to the human body. In order to
determine the possibility of simultaneous application of a sucker-rod pump, which is driven
by a rocking machine, and a jet pump (ejector) in the oil well, it is necessary to estimate the
distribution of pressure along the borehole from the bottom hole to the mouth for two cases:
when the well is operated only be the sucker-rod pump and while additional installation of
the oil-gas jet pump above its dynamic level. For this purpose, commonly known methods of
Poettman-Carpenter and Baksendel were used. The values which are included in the resulting
equations are interrelated and can only be found in a certain sequence. Therefore, a special
methodology has been developed for the practical usage of these equations in order to
calculate the working parameters of a jet pump based on the given independent working
parameters of the oil well. Using this methodology, which was implemented in computer
programs, many operating parameters were calculated both for the well and for the jet pump
itself (pressures, densities of working, injected and mixed flows, flow velocities and other
parameters in control sections). According to the results of calculations, graphs were built
that indicate a number of regularities during the oil well operation with such a jet pump. The
main result of the performed research is a recommendation list on the choice of the oil-gas jet
pump location inside the selected oil well and generalization of the principles for choosing
the perfect location of such ejectors for other wells. The novelty of the proposed study lays in
a systematic approach to rod pump and our patented ejector pump operation in the oil and
chrome plating of pump parts. Such measures will contribute to oil production intensification
from wells and improve the environmental condition of oil fields.
Keywords: jet pump; oil; well; sucker-rod pump; gas-water-oil mixture; chrome coating

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Introduction
It is almost impossible to avoid associated gases extraction during the operation of oil
field. These associated gases consist of gas mixture, which contains methane and propane-
butane fraction. It requires separation into fractions in special gas processing plants, which
are not always present near oil producing areas. Therefore, in oil fields these gases are often
burnt in flares and the products of their combustion are a potential threat to the human body.
The practice of associated oil gas utilization using flare units is very dangerous for the
environment. For each ton of extracted oil there is from 25 m3 to 800 m3 of associated gas.
During the combustion of oil gas, a large amount of mutagenic and toxic substances (carbon
oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, soot) are released into the
environment, which, when they enter the living organism, lead to the development of
irreversible changes caused by the bioaccumulation effect. In particular, in the regions that
are influenced by the combustion plants, the population is suffering from an increased disease
incidence of circulatory, respiratory, digestive and endocrine systems. The effect from
combination of several compounds is synergistically upset while the response from the
influence of several pollutants is greater than the summation of separate effects. Oil
producing countries and companies has created a partnership association “Global Gas Flaring
Reduction Partnership” GGFR. The purpose of this association is to reduce the environmental
impact from gas combustion at flare units through the creation of an appropriate legislative
framework and expansion of markets for the disposal of associated gases. Additionally, the
promising method of associated gas utilization is using jet pumps for its capturing. A
perspective solution for the creation of a gas–water–oil mixture inside the well is inserting of
a jet pump in it. Such jet pump, due to the flow of production fluid that will pass through it,
will off take free oil gas from the annulus, mix it with fluid and such mixture of a
significantly lower density will be pumped to the mouth of the well. Jet pump can be installed
either inside the tubing or in the annulus. With a correctly selected location for such an oil–
gas jet pump in the well it will reduce the tubing load and decrease the electric energy
consumption of the plunger pump. In addition, to ensure efficient operation of wells, it is
necessary to increase the service life of pumps, as their replacement requires significant
resources and leads to the cessation of oil production.

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Statement of the Problem

Generally, this case study aims to analyze the flow optimization of centrifugal pumps in a
chemical plant. Specifically;
1. How do different flow rates and fluid properties impact the efficiency of jet
pumps in oil and gas production?
2. What is the current flow properties of the jet pump used in oil and gas production?

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Review of Related Literature
In the Oil and Gas industry, installing pipe loops is a well-known hydraulic practice to
increase oil pipeline capacities. Nevertheless, pipe loops could promote an unfavorable
phenomenon known as fouling. That means that in a heavy oil-water mixture gathering
system with low flow velocities, an oil-water stratified flow pattern will appear. In
consequence, due to high viscosity, the oil stick on the pipe, causing a reduction of the
effective diameter, reducing handled fluids production, and increasing energy consumption.
As jet pumps increase total handled flow, increase the fluid velocities, and promote the
homogenous mixture of oil and water, this type of pump could result attractive compared to
other multiphase pump systems in reactivating heavy crude oil transport lines. Jet pumps are
highly reliable, robust equipment with modest maintenance, ideal for many applications,
mainly in the oil and gas industry. Nevertheless, their design method and performance
analysis are rarely known in the literature and keep a high experimental component similar to
most pumping equipment. This paper proposes a numerical study and the optimization of a
booster multiphase jet pump system installed in a heavy oil conventional loop of a gathering
system. Kushwaha, M. K,& Aggarwal, S. (2019, April).
To promote the development and application of the liquid–gas jet pump (LGJP), the
research status of its design theory, internal flow mechanism, structural optimization and
practical application are reviewed. The development history of the LGJP is briefly reviewed,
the latest research and application progress of the LGJP is introduced, and the pulse-type of
LGJP, especially the centrifugal jet vacuum pump (CJVP), is emphatically discussed. The
research and development direction of the LGJP is analyzed and proposed: CFD will be more
deeply applied to the mechanism research and performance improvement of the LGJP; the
diversity and heterogeneity of the fluid medium and its influence on the internal flow
mechanism are the research highlights of the LGJP; it is urgent to study the gas–liquid two-
phase flow and pumping mechanism inside the pulsed liquid–gas jet pump (PLGJP),
especially the CJVP. Alqahtani, B. A., Alqahtani, M. A., & Alqahtani, A. M. (2022,
October).

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As major oil and gas companies have been investing in greener energy resources,
even though has been part of the oil and gas industry for long time, it has gained its
popularity back. Oil and gas industry has adapted to the wind of change and has started
investing in and utilizing the technologies significantly. In this perspective, this study
investigates and outlines the latest advances, technologies in artificial lift methods as it is
applied to unconventional in a comprehensive manner to serve as an industry-reference for
petroleum industry. In order to optimize production of oil and gas from unconventional wells,
artificial lift (AL) is found to be the most effective method of production. However, as the
well passes through its production lifespan, the reservoir pressure declines and artificial
lifting of hydrocarbon fluids remains a serious problem. Identifying the best approach, the
kind of AL, ideal time and settings to mount the AL as the well passes through its production
lifespan is a major challenge. Several investigations have been carried out in the past to
identify and establish ground-breaking techniques to improve the application of AL in tight
reservoirs. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of recent
developments in the field of AL and its applications. A review of the application of machine
learning (ML) is also presented in this study. Ayala, D., Pozo, L., & Padilla, W. (2021).
Currently, in the oil industry, artificial lift optimization (ALO) systems are dealing
with different application including well monitor and control, reservoir management,
production optimization, predictive maintenance, artificial lift, and flow assurance,
multiphase pumping systems, etc. The scope of this article is to provide a detailed analysis of
ALO and predictive pump maintenance applications using machine learning (ML) and
artificial intelligence (AI). The oil and gas industry has experienced a lot of improvements
that have impacted the businesses and economies associated with the market in recent times.
This paper covers several applications and techniques in which ML and AI have been applied
to optimize hydrocarbon withdrawal from potentially depleted reservoirs that require some
external supports to uplift the reservoir fluid from sub surface to surface using artificial lift
system. In a nutshell, the applications of AI and ML for the artificial lift selection, their
predictive maintenance, equipment malfunctioning detection, etc. using a self-trained system

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are the main topics of this paper. While reviewing each of these techniques, the workflow is
also explained
along with the effectiveness of utilizing each application to the current operations. Asuaje,
M., Toteff, J., & Noguera, R. (2021).
A hydraulic jet pump with both gas and liquid phases at the intake is modeled
analytically. A complete system model results when this is combined with models of the
surface pump, tubing, casing, and the pressure/temperature behavior of oil and gas. This
model is used to size jet pumps before installation and to optimize production. Production
optimization includes first estimating the pump‐intake pressure and then determining the
drive frequency for the surface pump that minimizes the pump‐intake pressure. There is an
optimal frequency at which the intake pressure is minimized and production is maximized.
Pryhorovska, T., & Lozynskyi, V. (2021).
By observing the oil and gas industry we can estimate that up to 90%, if not more, of
the world's wells are currently using artificial lift systems and the rest, will be using artificial
lift at a certain point of their lives if not abandoned due to economic reasons. The selection of
the most economic system is necessary for operators to achieve the maximum potential of the
production of their fields, which also arises challenges that come along with artificial lifting
operations. One of the major challenges is work over. The unavailability of work over rigs
and the mean time between failures have contributed to the decrease of the profitability of the
wells. These issues pushed engineers to think of an alternative. A jet pump was initially
implemented as a backup for an electric submersible pump that failed to reduce the
production deferment until the start of the work over. However, several failures have
occurred in a short period of time and the selection of the optimum pump was a challenge.
This master thesis was conducted to investigate the actual jet pump performance and review
all failure and recommend any optimization possibilities. The aim of this thesis is also to
design jet pump using state of the art integrated asset modeling. Finally, a jet pump design
tool was created to select the optimum nozzle-throat size, and determine injection rates to

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reach the highest production potential by also taking into consideration possible cavitations
problems. Bellary, S. A. I., Hussain, A., Samad, A., & Kanai, R. A. (2018).
Crude oil transport is an essential task in oil and gas industries, where centrifugal pumps
are extensively used. The design of a centrifugal pump involves a number of independent
parameters which affect the pump performance. Altering some of the parameters within a
realistic range improves pump performance and saves a significant amount of energy. The
present research investigated the pump characteristics by modifying the number of blades and
the exit blade-angles. Reynolds-Averaged Navies-Stokes equations with standard k-ε two-
equation turbulence closure were used for steady and incompressible flow of crude oil
through the pump. The experimental set-up was installed and the pump performance
calculated numerically was compared with the experiments. The investigations showed that
the number of blades and the exit blade-angles have a significant influence on the head, shaft
power, and efficiency. The vertical flow structures, recirculation and reverse flow
characteristics around the impeller were investigated to explain the flow dynamics of impeller
and casing. A larger number of blades on the rotor showed dominant streamlined flow
without any wake phenomena. The combined effect of the number of blades and exit blade
angle has led to an increase in head and efficiency through the parametric optimization.
Karmon, I., Panacharoensawad, E., & Watson, M. (2019, April
Despite their low efficiency compared with centrifugal pumps, jet pumps are highly
reliable, robust equipment with modest maintenance, ideal for many applications, mainly in
the oil & gas industry. Jet pumps are conventionally used to draw fluid from a storage tank in
the petrochemical industry or as an artificial lift system to produce oil from a reservoir using
energy from the primary fluid. The trunk lines in oil production systems can experience an
unfavorable phenomenon due to the fluid's low velocities. In the case of transporting a heavy
oil-water mixture with low flow velocities, it could promote oil and water stratification. Due
to high viscosity, the stratified oil stick on the pipe,| causing a diameter reduction, resulting in
a drop in fluids production and increased energy consumption. Given the virtue of jet pumps,
this paper proposes using this equipment as an oil-water transfer pump as an alternative to
expensive conventional multiphase pump systems. The jet pump will add fluid into the line,
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increase the fluid velocities, and promote the homogenous mixture of oil and water. Using
ANSYS CFX, the effect of installing a jet pump in a conventional trunk line loop was
analyzed. Three jet pump configurations were simulated for different driving fluid pressures
and
compared against a traditional pipeline loop's performance. The first configuration shows a
poor performance increasing only until 10% of handling fluids. Conversely, with the
improved jet pump configurations rise of the fluid production by 30% has been obtained.
Khammassi, C. (2021).
The objective of this paper is to present a suite of diagnostic methods and tools which
have been developed to analyze and understand production performance degradation in wells
lifted by ESPs in the Mangala field in Rajasthan, India. The Mangala field is one of the
world’s largest full field polymer floods, currently injecting some 450kbbl/day of
polymerized water, and a significant proportion of production is lifted with ESPs. With
polymer breaking through to the producers, productivity and ESP performance in many wells
have changed dramatically. We have observed rapidly reducing well productivity indexes
(PI), changes to the pumps head/rate curve, increased inlet gas volume fraction (GVF) and
reduction in the cooling efficiency of ESP motors from wellbore fluids. The main drivers for
the work were to understand whether reduced well rates were a result of reduced PI or
degradation in the ESP pump curve, and whether these are purely down to polymer or
combined with other factors, for example reduced reservoir pressure, increasing inlet gas,
scale buildup, mechanical wear or pump recirculation. Kurkjian, A. L. (2019).
By systematically summarizing horizontal well fracturing technology abroad for

shale oil and gas reservoirs since the “13th Five-Year Plan”, this article elaborates new
horizontal well fracturing features in 3D development of stacked shale reservoirs, small well
spacing and dense well pattern, horizontal well re-fracturing, fracturing parameters
optimization and cost control. In light of requirements on horizontal well fracturing
technology in China, we have summarized the technological progress in simulation of multi-
fracture propagation, horizontal well frac-design, electric-drive fracturing equipment, soluble
tools and low-cost down hole materials and factory-like operation. On this basis, combined

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with the demand analysis of horizontal well fracturing technology in the “14th Five-Year
Plan” for unconventional shale oil and gas. Le, V., & Tran, S. (2022).
Well completion design consideration, in artificially-lifted wells, are typically

governed by the philosophy of operators and dictated by the conditions and type of well and
reservoir being produced. Fluid properties are also an important parameter to be considered in
the design of the system. Typically, electric submersible pumps, ESP's are set close to the
producing zone for different considerations of flow efficiency and well completion. This
paper presents a field case study of optimizing ESP setting depth. The study was conducted
on field actual case and considered the pump performance at different setting depth for
certain well completion menu and different operational aspects of well integrity, etc. The
main objective was to check the lowest setting point without jeopardizing ESP performance
or violating well integrity/control mandates, and avoiding the potential vibration associated
with multiphase flow. This is to reduce cost of cable, improve operating conditions without
jeopardizing pump flow efficiency. Mifsud, D., & Verdin, P. G. (2021).
Flow simulation of multiphase flow through the ESP was conducted to examine the
gas volume fraction and total dynamic head to evaluate performance at different setting
depth. Flow simulations are presented for the case study. Results indicated that fluid
properties, completion design, production practices dictate the setting depth. Sensitivity runs
were made for cases to cover the life cycle of the pump, including the changes water
percentage, formation pressure, and flow different values of productivity indices and
pumping wellhead pressures. Muhammad, J., Abdulwahab, S., Rajab, S., & Jaf, P. (2019).
The separation of gas from gas-liquid mixture in horizontal wells has become a
growing concern in the oil and gas industry. The produced free gas reduces the efficiency of
rod pump systems, minimizes oil production and can lead to the failure of the rod pump
system due to gas locking phenomena. The impact of two-phase flow on the new horizontal
well gas anchor’s performance was investigated experimentally. Each experiment was
conducted in a transparent horizontal well flow loop by using water and air as the test fluids.
Experiments with and without the new gas anchor in the flow loop cases were studied. The

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new tool has two mechanisms to prevent gas phase from entering the tubing. The first
mechanism is the breakage of the mixture’s wave by the bull plug of the tool. The second
mechanism is the separation of small gas bubbles due to the flow through the tortuous path
inside the tool. This experimental program quantifies the tool performance regarding the first
working mechanism only. The
bubble separation via the tortuous path mechanism was not investigated. Nasereldeen, A.,
Ahmed, A. G., Mohammed, M. O., & Ahmed, A. M. (2017).
The results showed that both with and without tool cases can separate 90 – 100% gas
from the mixture, if the inlet of tubing or the tool was fully submerged under liquid phase of
the mixture at all time. This condition was achieved under stratified flow where the
horizontal part of the well was toe flat or toe-up (0°, +1°, and +2°). The wave breakage
mechanism by the bull plug of the tool was confirmed visually. This breakage mechanism
established the advantage of using the new gas anchor over no-tool condition. Guoqiang,
B., ... & ZHANG, H. (2022).
Gas lift optimization is becoming more important currently days in Petroleum and
Production industry. A proper lift optimization can reduce the operating cost, increase the net
present value (NPV) and maximize the recovery from the asset. A wide accepted definition of
gas lift optimization is to get the most output under specified operational conditions. In
addition, gas lift, a costly and indispensable means to recover oil from high depth reservoir
entails solving the gas lift optimization problems. Gas lift optimization may be a continuous
process; there are 2 levels of production optimization the entire field optimization involves
optimizing the surface facilities and also the injection rate which will be achieved by standard
tools software. Well level optimization is often achieved by optimizing the well parameters
like point of injection. The results show that the well head pressure has a large influence on
the gas lift performance and also proved that smart gas lift valve can be used to improve gas
raise performance by controlling gas injection from down hole. Obtaining the optimum gas
injection rate is very important as a result of excessive gas injection reduces production rate

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and consequently will increase the operation expenditure. Syed, F. I., Alshamsi, M., Dahaghi,
A. K., & Neghabhan, S. (2022).
A comparative study of four well established surrogate models used to predict the
non-linear entrainment performance of a dual-phase fluid driving jet pump (JP) apparatus is
performed. A JP design flow configuration comprising a dual-phase (air and water) flow
driving a secondary gas-air flow, for which no one has ever provided a unique set of design
solutions, is described An error analysis of all four models along with a multiple model
accuracy analysis of each case study was performed. The RSM, Kriging, RBFANN and
stacked models formed part of the surrogate-based optimization, having the entrainment ratio
as the main objective function. Optimization problems were solved by the interior-point
algorithm and the genetic algorithm and incurred a hybrid formulation of both algorithms. A
total of 60 optimization problems were formulated and solved with all three approximation
models. Krishna, S., & Saputelli, L. (2020, October).
The typical challenge encountered in developing heavy-oil reservoirs is inefficient

wellbore lifting caused by complex multiphase flows. The literature on modeling of a hybrid
artificial-lift (AL) system is relatively sparse and these works typically model the AL system
on the basis of individual AL methods. The power consumption of the hybrid mode is 3%
lower in the ESP-only mode. Additionally, the average ESP service life exceeds 6 years
which is better than expected in the field development plan. The pump-performance-curve
model is built with corrections for density and viscosity owing to the increased water
production. We observed a higher pressure drawdown with GL injection at fixed ESP
frequency. The GL injection reduces the density of the fluid column above the ESP, resulting
in less pressure loss across the pump, less power consumption, and potentially extended
service life. The nodal analysis results suggest that the pump capacity can be considerably
expanded by manipulating the GL rate instead of increasing the frequency. Toteff, J., Asuaje,
M., & Noguera, R. (2022).

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Efficiency and reduction of operating costs are conditions that oil and gas companies
demand from services they purchase. Oil industry faces a new crisis and these events tend to
increase the demands to achieve optimization. The industry requires Hydraulic Jet Pumps
(HJP) with more efficient designs, even at an energy level that work in the range of their
hydraulic capacity. However, factors such as fluid properties, reservoir parameters and
surface installation can generate failures which must be characterized to understand their
occurrence and behavior. Improve designs, operations and maintenance programs can
increase the reliability and lifespan of the pumps. Downtime in the HJP are dominated by
chance and occurred in asymmetric times, for this reason a classic study of probability by
normal or
exponential distribution is limited. Weibull distribution is the best option for modeling
downtime thanks to its versatility, which adapts to any type of experimental data.
Additionally, it also helps to obtain results with greater adherence to the operational reality in
an oil field. Zhang, H., Zou, D., Yang, X., Mou, J., Zhou, Q., & Xu, M. (2022).
During oil fields operation, gas is extracted along with oil. In this article it is
suggested to use jet pumps for utilization of the associated oil gas, burning of which causes
environmental degradation and poses a potential threat to the human body. In order to
determine the possibility of simultaneous application of a sucker-rod pump, which is driven
by a rocking machine, and a jet pump (ejector) in the oil well, it is necessary to estimate the
distribution of pressure along the borehole from the bottom hole to the mouth for two cases:
when the well is operated only be the sucker-rod pump and while additional installation of
the oil-gas jet pump above its dynamic level. The values which are included in the resulting
equations are interrelated and can only be found in a certain sequence. Therefore, a special
methodology has been developed for the practical usage of these equations in order to
calculate the working parameters of a jet pump based on the given independent working
parameters of the oil well. Using this methodology, The result of scientific research is a
sound method of determining the rational location of the ejector in the oil well and the
calculation of its geometry, which will provide a complete selection of petroleum gas
released into the annulus of the oil well. Ayala, D., Pozo, L., & Padilla, W. (2021).

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Most of the Sudanese fields face the challenges of maintaining production rates,
which are decreasing at a large rate annually. This project aims to find a solution that helps to
improve the production rates in Fula Field by identifying the possible causes and factors
influencing them using the developed model to represent the pipe networks. Transport
network lines play an effective role in the transfer of crude from wells to central treatment
plants. The internal diameter decrease of these pipes due to the wax deposits and the heavy
crude components lead to an increase in flow pressures from the wells and through the
assembly pipes, which leads to a decrease in daily production rates. The Network molding is
used to analyze field data and to find ideal conditions and optimal production that can be
achieved under the operational conditions and available equipment and thus help to make
decision and future planning for
field development. As a result of this study it was found that the decrease in
production is due to the decrease of internal diameter of the pipes due to the accumulation of
viscous heavy oil and sand with will create a back pressure affecting the total wells
performance. Nasereldeen, A., Ahmed, A. G., Mohammed, M. O., & Ahmed, A. M. (2017).

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Methodology
To strengthen the parts of jet and plunger pumps, an installation for electrochemical
chromium plating in a flowing electrolyte and a technological process of coating the parts of
these pumps were developed. The installation for electrochemical chrome plating of pump
parts in a flowing electrolyte contains interchangeable electrochemical cells used for coating
the outer surfaces of the plunger or rod, respectively, or the inner surfaces of the plunger
pump sleeve and the jet pump ejector. The electrochemical cell, after mounting the part and
the electrode in it, was sealed and connected by means of current leads to the power supply,
and by pipes—to the system of electrolyte supply to the annular cavity between the electrodes
of the cell. The unit is equipped with an automated control system for electrochemical
chromium plating in the flow electrolyte, which allows to maintain independently at a given
level the technological parameters of electrolysis: temperature, electrolyte flow rate,
electrolysis operating current and the ratio of electrolyte components. Chrome coatings were
applied to the working surfaces of pump parts made of steel 40KHN (GOST 4543-2016),
which were surface hardened with high frequency currents and subjected to grinding. The
anode was an alloy of lead with sulfur and tin. Chrome plating of pump parts (ejectors,
bushings, plungers, rods) was performed in a standard electrolyte based on chromic
anhydride and sulfuric acid with nano-additives. To reduce the harmful effects of chromium
electrolyte on the environment during the application of electrochemical chrome coating on
the pump parts the developed design of the electrochemical sealed cell was used. The system
for supplying electrolyte to the annular cavity formed between the electrodes of the
electrochemical sealed cell is equipped with a unit for neutralization and purification of
gaseous electrolysis products according to our invention. The amount of harmful emissions
released into the atmosphere does not exceed the maximum allowable concentration.

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Results
Table 1 shows some of the results obtained using mentioned programs for low-pressure oil-
gas jet pumps.
Table 1. Input and calculated parameters of the oil well and the jet pump when it is installed
at different depths.
As can be seen from the Table 1, if the inlet parameters of the jet pump (pw, ρw, βw, ww)
in the cross-section of the well where it is installed were the same as in the well without jet
pump, then the pressure at the wellhead would be less than necessary (should be 0.5 MPa).
The only exception is the jet pump installed at a depth of 890 m. This jet pump will provide a
slightly higher wellhead pressure (pwh = 0.52 MPa). As soon as the pressure at the wellhead
should be pwh = 0.5 MPa, that requires installation depth of jet pump not less than 890 m.
What is then the cause of this phenomenon? After all, the relation between the flow densities
at the inlet and at the outlet of the jet pump it is quite significant (pw/pm = 2.06–2.246). In
addition, outlet pressure of the jet pump is significantly less than the inlet pressure, which
leads to a substantial flash gas liberation. Yet, despite this, during the movement of
production liquid to the mouth, the pressure is dropping faster in case of jet pump installation
compared to the option without it. Figure 3 shows the pressure distribution between jet
pumps, placed in different depth, and the wellhead for the case when the inlet pressure of jet
pumps would be equal to the pressure in the corresponding cross-sections of the well before
jet pumps installation (curves 2, 3, 4 and 5).

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Figure 3. Pressure distribution along the wellbore between jet pumps and wellhead: 1—
wellbore pressure distribution; 2, 3—pressure distribution after using jet pump with f3/f1 =
6.25; 4, 5—pressure distribution after using jet pump with f3/f1 = 4.
Curves 2 and 3 correspond to jet pumps with the cross-sections ratio f3/f1 = 6.25 and
curves 4 and 5 correspond to jet pumps with the cross-sections ratio f3/f1 = 4. In addition, the
pressure distribution in oil well between the sucker-rod pump and the wellhead (curve 1)
without using jet pump is additionally depicted. The pressure in all four cases decreases
almost linearly and much more slowly than in the well without jet pump. The only exception
is for the part of the wellbore (approximately 200 m) straight below the mouth, where the
pressure drop with and without jet pump is almost the same.

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The reason for the small wellhead pressure, which low-pressure jet pumps with cross-
section areas ratio f3/f1 = 6.25 can provide, when the depth of their placement in the well
changes in the range from 610 m to 890 m, is a significant pressure drop between inlet and
outlet of the jet pump. In Figure 3, these pressure drops are represented by the
segments ab and a’b’. Jet pumps with cross-section areas ratio f3/f1 = 4, as it can be seen
from Figure 3, allow to obtain significantly greater wellhead pressure than the previous two.
If these jet pumps are installed in the oil well 753-D, then placing the jet pump at a
depth of 700 m (f3/f1 = 6.25) will entail a slight increase in inlet pressure compared to the
pressure in this cross-section of the well without a jet pump. At the same time, the jet pump,
located at a depth of 890 m (f3/f1 = 6.25), on the contrary, will give a slight decrease in inlet
pressure compared to the pressure in this cross-section of the well without a jet pump. Jet
pumps with cross-section areas ratio f3/f1 = 4 will provide a noticeable decrease in pressure in
front of the jet pump, and, consequently, a substantial decrease in outlet pressure of the
sucker-rod pump.
Table 2 shows the input and some calculated values for such jet pumps, taking into
account that input parameters in this case are equal to the corresponding parameters of the
well at depths of 700, 800, 850 and 870 m.
Table 2. Input and calculated parameters of the high-pressure oil-gas jet pumps during their
installation in oil well at different depths [84].
After that, for these four jet pumps, the pressure distribution between them and the
wellhead was determined using previously mentioned computer program for the Baksendel
method. In Figure 4 and Figure 5 the dotted line (curves 2) shows the pressure distribution
between the jet pump, installed at depths of 700 and 870 m in the well, and its mouth,
obtained from the results of this program.

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Figure 4. Pressure distribution between the sucker-rod pump and the wellhead: 1—without
the jet pump; 2—with the jet pump (f3/f1 = 3); 3—with the jet pump after decreasing inlet
pressure pw = 3.908 MPa.

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Figure 5. Pressure distribution between the sucker-rod pump and the wellhead: 1—without
the jet pump; 2—with the jet pump (f3/f1 = 3); 3—with the jet pump after decreasing inlet
pressure pw = 5.381 MPa.
As seen in Figure 4 and Figure 5, if the inlet pressure of the jet pump is equal to the
pressure that exists in the well in this cross-section (in the figures it is point b’), then the
pressure at the wellhead will be greater than required pwh = 0.5 MPa. Therefore, the next task
was to find such inlet pressure of the jet pump, at which the wellhead pressure would be 0.5
MPa. The geometry and all other parameters of the jet pump were determined when its inlet
pressure was changing, as well as the pressure distribution along the wellbore from the jet
pump to the wellhead. By successively reducing the inlet pressure of the jet pumps, such
values of it were found at which the wellhead pressure are equal to 0.5 MPa. Knowing the
inlet pressure of the jet pumps and the temperatures at their installation points, calculations
were made to determine the pressure distribution along the wellbore from jet pumps to the
sucker-rod pump. According to the results of using created computer programs, pressure

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distribution curves for the oil well 753-D were built for cases of jet pumps installation at
depths of 700 and 870 m respectively (curves 3) (Figure 4 and Figure 5).
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show that the usage of high-pressure jet pumps in the well can
significantly reduce the outlet pressure of the sucker-rod pump. This reduction is from 1.32
MPa, for the case of jet pump installing at a depth of 700 m and up to 1.96 MPa, when jet
pump is installed at a depth of 870 m. Reducing the outlet pressure of the sucker-rod pump
means decreasing the stem load. For the case that is considered, such a reduction in load can
reach up to 26% (with a decrease in outlet pressure of sucker-rod pump by 1.96 MPa). In
addition, by reducing the load on the beam pumping unit’s mechanism, smaller
counterbalance can be used [84]. Thus, we may say that it is the most rational to install the
high-pressure jet pump with f3/f1 = 3 at depth of 870 m in the oil well 753-D Dolyna Oil Field
“Dolynanaftogaz” PJSC “Ukrnafta”. In the general case, it can be claimed that usage of
tandem installation, which consists of the sucker-rod pump and oil-gas jet pump is advisable
when the gas–oil ratio of the well is around 100 m 3/t and higher. However, even then the
efficiency of such tandem installation will be determined by many other factors. It is
proposed to use an electrochemical chrome coating formed in a flowing electrolyte to
increase the wear and corrosion resistance of the polished rod of the rod pump unit. The cost
of applying the chrome coating on parts in a flowing electrolyte does not exceed the cost of
applying a chrome coating on parts in a quiet electrolyte—the traditional way. It should be
noted that the application of a thick layer of electrochemical chrome coating in the flowing
electrolyte reduces the amount of allowance for diamond grinding of parts compared to the
quiet electrolyte [88], which ultimately reduces the cost of manufacturing the suitable chrome
parts that have high micro hardness to our technology (Figure 6).

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Figure 6. Change in micro hardness according to the thickness of the chromium

electrochemical coating formed in the electrolyte: 1—flow; 2—calm.
The use of chromium plating in a flowing electrolyte provides thicker coatings
compared to chromium plating in a quiet electrolyte. In this case, the coatings applied in the
flowing electrolyte evenly cover the steel base, have a lower surface roughness and higher
micro hardness (11.8 GPa) compared to chromium plating in the quiet electrolyte (8.1 GPa).
This is achieved by creating a stable flow of electrolyte in the annular interelectrode space of
the electrochemical cell and intensive removal of gases formed during electrolysis on the
surface of the part and the electrode. In addition, the saturation of the chrome coating and the
steel base with hydrogen is reduced.
Tests of samples with chrome coatings were performed on an upgraded installation that
simulates the reciprocating motion (reversible friction) of the polished rod of the rocking
machine and allows you to continuously record the value of the coefficient of friction. The
results are presented in Figure 7.

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Figure 7. Wear rate of chrome-plated coatings in the friction pair with stuffing box seal and
the value of the coefficient of friction: A—steel 40KHN; B—chrome coating (quiet
electrolyte); C—chrome coating (flowing electrolyte).
The results of tests of samples with chrome coatings in reciprocating motion showed
that the coating reduces the wear rate of the chrome rod, which is operated in pair with the
stuffing box seal of the rod installation. The combination of high micro hardness of chrome
coatings, as well as the specifics of the structure provides high wear resistance of chrome
coatings applied from a flowing electrolyte. Chromium plating in a flowing electrolyte also
reduces the coefficient of friction in the metal-polymer friction pair as 20 percent compared
to chromium plating in a quite electrolyte. It is established that the minimum wear for
reversible friction pair of electrochemical chrome coating—stuffing box seal is provided by
the surface roughness of the coating Ra from 0.16 to 0.32 μm. All this ultimately increases
the service life of pump parts, reduces the load on the mechanical part of the rod installation
of the rocking machine, the cost of electricity to overcome the forces of thorns in the
installation for rod production of oil from wells. In addition, the combination of ejector and
plunger pumps for joint work increases the energy efficiency of oil production and ensures
the rational use of potential energy of oil gas, as well as improving the environmental
situation in oil fields, as it eliminates the combustion of oil gas. The usage of the developed
method to specify the rational placement of jet pumps in oil wells allows us to find the
optimal operation mode of simultaneous operation of the sucker-rod pumps and the oil-gas jet
pumps. This method will provide off taking of the whole amount of free oil gas to enter the
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annulus of the well, and in turn it will provide the lowest possible stem load. Results of this
research are formulated in the form of a methodology for calculating the working parameters
of a down hole ejection system, which is implemented in OGPD “Dolynanaftogaz” PJSC
“Ukrnafta” and the methodology for determining the rational placement of oil-gas jet pumps
in oil wells, approved by the PJSC “Ukrnafta”, and the main design parameters of suggested
jet pump for tandem installation in well 753-D as well as the exact place of its location in the
well have been submitted for implementation. This article does not really mention the effect
of non-uniformity of the rod pump supply on the operation of the down hole ejector. We have
conducted such studies, and they indicate that even at the minimum speed and flow rate of
the working flow in the ejector (corresponding to the movement of the rods up) can suck the
injected flow from the annulus of the well. In addition, for some wells it is advisable to use
periodic ejector operation. The novelty of the proposed study lays in a systematic approach to
rod pump and our patented ejector pump operation in the oil well [85] and chrome plating of
pump parts. The result of scientific research is a sound method of determining the rational
location of the ejector in the oil well and the calculation of its geometry, which will provide a
complete selection of petroleum gas released into the annulus of the oil well.
This will make possible obtaining the positive results, namely:

- effectively using the potential energy of free oil gas from annulus;
Making sucker-rod pump operation more stable;
decreasing dynamic level fluctuations in the well (to avoid dangerous fluctuations in
the case of a small immersion of the sucker-rod pump); increasing the production
liquid to the surface by the mixed flow density reduction (after the jet pump);
Reducing the stem load, which in turn will extend their overhaul life?
Decreasing electricity consumption during well operation and decrease investments in
oil production.
Especially this technology can show its efficiency in conditions of high gas–oil ratios and in
regions with predominantly low ambient temperatures. The results of industrial tests of jet
and plunger pumps with reinforced chrome-plated parts showed an increase in their service
life of about 27%.
In further research, the authors plan to provide calculations considering the curvature of
wellbores.

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Conclusion
The study showed the following: the operation capability and efficiency of oil-gas jet
pumps was proved, and the following conclusions were made: It was established that the
usage of low-pressure jet pumps with a cross-section areas ratio f3/f1 = 6.25 cannot provide a
significant decrease in the outlet pressure of the sucker- rod pump even with an increase in
the installation depth due to the large difference inlet/outlet pressure of the jet pumps.
Furthermore, the minimum tubing load is specified by the combination of two factors: the
minimum possible cross-section areas ratio f3/f1 and the maximal installation depth. This way,
the ratio f3/f1 for the jet pumps is a factor to decrease significantly tubing loads. Depth of
installation makes a much smaller effect if increased. According to studies, the best operation
mode for the 753-D oil well lays in the tandem installation (sucker-rod pump and the jet
pump; f3/f1 = 3 and placed at depth 870 m). This mode provides decreasing of outlet pressure
of the sucker-rod pump up to 1.96 MPa. This way, the authors recommend the following for
the 753-D oil well OGPD “Dolynanaftogaz” PJSC “Ukrnafta”: to install the high-pressure
oil-gas jet pump (f3/f1 = 3) at a depth of 870 m to take off the whole amount of free annulus
gas. This means to aim at reducing the stem load by 26%. The aforementioned jet pump has
the following geometrical options: nozzle diameter dn = 3.88 mm, mixing chamber
diameter dmc = 6.72 mm, and the diffuser outlet diameter dd = 18.01 mm. Electrochemical
chromium plating according to the developed technological process using an installation
equipped with an automated control system of technological parameters of electrochemical
chromium plating process in flowing electrolyte with nanoadditives, provided uniform
coating with low surface roughness, high micro hardness and wear resistance. The proposed
innovations ensure the high quality of the working surfaces of parts and increase the
performance of ejector and plunger pumps during oil production. In addition, the usage of jet
pumps will also improve the ecological situation in the oil production fields through the
recycling of associated oil gas.

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roxas@capsu.edu.ph
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Republic of the Philippines

CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Course

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

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Statement of the Problem

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Review of Related Literature

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By systematically summarizing horizontal well fracturing technology abroad for

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Well completion design consideration, in artificially-lifted wells, are typically

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

The typical challenge encountered in developing heavy-oil reservoirs is inefficient

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

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Figure 6. Change in micro hardness according to the thickness of the chromium

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This will make possible obtaining the positive results, namely:

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

Alqahtani, B. A., Alqahtani, M. A., & Alqahtani, A. M. (2022, October). Electric

Khammassi, C. (2021). Jet pump performance analysis and optimization plan (Doctoral

Kurkjian, A. L. (2019). Optimizing Jet-Pump Production in the Presence of Gas. SPE

Le, V., & Tran, S. (2022). Hybrid Electrical-Submersible-Pump/Gas-Lift Application to

Nasereldeen, A., Ahmed, A. G., Mohammed, M. O., & Ahmed, A. M. (2017). Production

Nasereldeen, A., Ahmed, A. G., Mohammed, M. O., & Ahmed, A. M. (2017). Production

Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines

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