BIOENERGETICS

Energy Flow
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What is Bioenergetics?
The study of
energy in living
systems
(environments)
and the
organisms
(plants and
animals) that
utilize them
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 Energy
◼ Required by
all organisms
◼ May be
Kinetic or
Potential
energy

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 Kinetic Energy
◼ Energy of
Motion
◼ Heat and
light energy
are
examples
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 Potential Energy
◼ Energy of
position
◼ Includes
energy
stored in
chemical
bonds
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 Two Types of
Energy Reactions

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 Endergonic Reactions
◼ Chemical reaction that requires
a net input of energy.
◼ Absorbs free energy and stores
it
Light
◼ Photosynthesis SUN Energy
photons

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
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Exergonic Reactions
◼ Chemical reactions that
releases energy
◼ Cellular Respiration
Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

(glucose)

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Metabolic Reactions
of Cells

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What is Metabolism?
◼ The sum total
of the chemical
activities of all
cells.
◼ Managing the
material and
energy
resources of
the cell

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Two Types of Metabolism
◼ Catabolic
Pathways
◼ Anabolic
Pathways

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 Catabolic Pathway
◼ Metabolic reactions which release
energy (exergonic) by breaking down
complex molecules in simpler
compounds
◼ Hydrolysis = add a water molecule to
break apart chemical bonds
◼ Cellular Respiration energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +

ATP
(glucose)
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 Anabolic Pathway
◼ Metabolic reactions, which consume
energy (endergonic), to build
complicated molecules from simpler
compounds.
◼ Dehydration synthesis = removal of a water
molecule to bond compounds together
◼ Photosynthesis light
SU energy
N
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
(glucose)
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Energy Coupling
◼ The transfer of energy from
catabolism to anabolism

◼ Energy from exergonic reactions drive

endergonic reactions and vice versa

◼ EX. Photosynthesis – cellular respiration

cycle

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Energy Transformation
◼ Governed by the Laws of
Thermodynamics.

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Summary
◼ The quantity of energy in the
universe is constant, but its quality is
not.

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3 main kinds of cellular work
◼ Mechanical - muscle contractions
◼ Transport - pumping across
membranes
◼ Chemical - making polymers

All cellular work is

powered by
ATP
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Cell Energy
◼ Couples an exergonic process to drive
an endergonic one.
◼ ATP is used to couple the reactions
together.

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Cellular Energy -
ATP

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 ATP
◼ Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose: five carbon sugar
3.phosphate group: chain of 3

adenine phosphate group

P P P
ribose

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 ATP
◼ Three phosphate
groups-(two with
high energy bonds

◼ All three phosphate

groups are
negatively charged

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How does ATP work ?
◼ Organisms use enzymes to
break down energy-rich
glucose to release its
potential energy
◼ This energy is trapped and
stored in the form of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

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How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
◼ It is estimated
that each cell
will generate
and consume
approximately
10,000,000
molecules of
ATP per second
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 Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O → ADP + P
(exergonic)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P

Hydrolysis
(add water)

P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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Hyrolysis is Exergonic

Energy
Used
by
Cells

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Dehydration of ATP
ADP + P → ATP + H2O
(endergonic)
Dehydration
(Remove H2O

P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P

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Dehydration is Endergonic

Energy
is
restored
in
Chemical
Bonds

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ATP in Cells
◼ A cell's ATP content is recycled
every minute.

◼ No ATP production equals quick

death.

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