Bioenergetics 1

BIOENERGETICS
Copyright Cmassengale 1
Cell Size and Types
 Cells, the basic units of organisms, can
only be observed under microscope
 Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

copyright cmassengale 2
Specialized Animal Cells
Muscle cells Red blood cells
Cheek cells
Specialized Plant cells
Guard Cells
Pollen Xylem cells
Q: Where does energy come
from?
A: Our food, but originally the
energy in food comes from
the sun
Autotrophs
 Make their own food
Heterotrophs
 Cannot make their own food
What is Bioenergetics?
The study of
energy in living
systems
(environments)
and the
organisms
(plants and
animals) that
utilize them
Energy
 Required by
all organisms
 May be
Kinetic or
Potential
energy
Kinetic Energy
 Energy of
Motion
 Heat and
light energy
are
examples
Potential Energy
 Energy of
position
 Includes
energy
stored in
chemical
bonds
Two Types of
Energy Reactions
Endergonic Reactions
 Chemical reaction that
requires a net input of
energy.
energy
 Photosynthesis SUN
Light
Energy
photons
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
Exergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactions that
releases energy
 Cellular Respiration
Energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

(glucose)
Metabolic Reactions
of Cells
What is Metabolism?
 The sum total
of the
chemical
activities of
all cells.
cells
Two Types of Metabolism
 Anabolic
Pathways
 Catabolic
Pathways
Anabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions, which
consume energy (endergonic), to
build complicated molecules from
simpler compounds. light
 Photosynthesis SUN energy
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
Catabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions which release
energy (exergonic) by breaking
down complex molecules in simpler
compounds
 Cellular Respiration energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

(glucose)
3 main kinds of cellular work
 Mechanical - muscle contractions
 Transport - pumping across
membranes
 Chemical - making polymers
All cellular work is

powered by
ATP
20
Cellular Energy -
ATP
ATP
 Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose: five carbon sugar
3.phosphate group: chain of 3
adenine phosphate group
P P P
ribose
Adenosine Triphosphate
 Three
phosphate
groups-(two
with high
energy bonds
 Last phosphate
group (PO4)
contains the
MOST energy
Breaking the Bonds of ATP
 Process is called
phosphorylation
 Occurs continually
in cells
 Enzyme ATP-ase
can weaken &
break last PO4
bond releasing
energy & free PO4
How does ATP work ?
 Organisms use enzymes to
break down energy-rich
glucose to release its
potential energy
 This energy is trapped and
stored in the form of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
 It is estimated
that each cell
will generate
and consume
approximately
10,000,000
molecules of
ATP per second
Coupled Reaction - ATP
 The exergonic
hydrolysis of ATP
is coupled with the
endergonic
dehydration H2O
process by
transferring a
phosphate group
to another
molecule. HO 2
Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + P (exergonic)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P
Hydrolysis
(add water)
P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Hyrolysis is Exergonic
Energy
Used
by
Cells
Dehydration of ATP
ADP + P  ATP + H2O (endergonic)
Dehydration
(Remove H2O
P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P
Dehydration is Endergonic
Energy
is
restored
in
Chemical
Bonds
Review
How many high energy
phosphate bonds does ATP
have?
Which is true of photosyntheis?
Anabolic or Catabolic
Exergonic Or Endergonic
The breakdown of ATP is
due to:
Dehydration or Hydrolysis
H2O added or H2O removed
Which Reactions are often
Coupled in Organisms
Hydrolysis BOTH
or Dehydration
Anabolism or
BOTH Catabolism
Endergonic or
BOTH Exergonic
The Big Picture
- energy flows through
- matter recycles
ENERGY
SUNLIGHT FOOD
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EXCHANG
LEAVES E
PROCESS
Solar Cell
Introduction
What is Photosynthesis
- Is the synthesis of carbohydrates from
sunlight, water and CO2 by the green
plants.
- It is the process that converts solar
energy into chemical energy.
Introduction
How does Photosynthesis
work?
Photosynthesis
6CO2 +6H20 + light  C6H1206 + 6O2
Name the two
division of
Photosynthesis.
How does Photosynthesis
Introduction
work?
2 metabolic
pathways involved
 Light reactions:
convert solar energy
into cellular energy
 Calvin Cycle: reduce
CO2 to CH2O •Organisms that can
perform photosynthesis
are called autotrophs
whereas those that cannot
are called heterotrophs
Enumerate the
requirements of
photosynthesis.
Introduction
Requirements for Photosynthesis?

 Carbon Dioxide
 Water
 Light. It is a visible part f electromagnetic

radiations (390-760 nm) Photosynthetically
Active Radiation (PAR) is 400 -700 nm.
Where does
photosynthesis
occur?
Introduction
Location of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast

LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Thylakoid
Stroma Thylakoid compartment
Chloroplasts in Elodea (Lab)
Chlorophyll
 The plants principal pigment,
absorbs light energy in the
blue-violet and red spectrum
of visible light
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
V B G YO R
Thylakoids
 Sac-like photosynthetic
membranes arranged in
stacks
Grana
 Stacks of thylakoids
Stroma
 The region outside the
thylakoid
Light Reaction
Light Reactions
H2O + light  ATP + NADPH + O2
energy
H2O
sunlight
 produces ATP
 produces NADPH
 releases O2 as a
Energy Building waste product
Reactions
NADPH
ATP
O2
Light Reaction
The creation of a ne
br
NADPH id
m em
ko
yl a
Th
Light Reaction
Photosystem II and I
e e
elec
t r o ly
si s
Light Reaction
The excited
electron is
transferred from
chlorophyll a to
an electron
acceptor.
Water donates an
electron to
chlorophyll a to
replace the
excited electron.
Carrier Molecule
 Compound that can accept a
pair of high energy electrons
and transfer them along with
most of their energy to
another molecule
 Ex.) NADP+
Q: What does this
do?
 NADP+ NADPH
A: this traps sunlight in
chemical form
Light Dependent
Reactions
 Uses energy from light to
produce
1. Oxygen gas
2. ATP
3. NADPH
Light Reaction
Creation of ATP
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation
 Non- cyclic Photophosphorylation
ATP
Light Reaction
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Light Reaction
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
Light Reaction
The Creation of ATP
ATP SYNTHASE
Light Reaction
The Creation of ATP

Knob and Stalk or
the lollipop structure
Light Reaction
The Creation of ATP

Light Reaction
The Creation of ATP

Light Reaction
Light Reactions
Photosystem I and Photosystem II
Water molecules are split:

2 H 0 → 4 H + + 4 e - + O
2 2
oxygen is released
Chemiosmosis -- H+ is used to make:
NADPH (NADP + H+ → NADPH)
ATP (ADP + P → ATP)
Light Reaction
 Two types of
photosystems cooperate
in the light reactions
Inputs:
Water
Sunlight energy
Outputs:
Oxygen
Photon
ATP ATP
mill
NADPH
Photon
Water-splitting NADPH-producing
photosystem photosystem
Name the
products
produced in
Calvin Cycle.
Calvin Cycle
CO2 + ATP + NADPH  C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP
CO2  builds sugars

 uses ATP &
ADP
NADPH
NADP Sugar  recycles ADP
Building
Reactions & NADP
NADPH  back to make
more ATP &
ATP NADPH
sugars
Calvin Cycle
 Want to make C6H12O6
 synthesis
 How? From what?
What raw materials are available?
CO2
NADPH
carbon fixation reduces CO2
NADP
C6H12O6 NADP
Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
Calvin Cycle
 6 carbon dioxide
molecules join 6
CO RuBP molecules
Unstable 6-C
2  6 unstable six-
PGA PGA carbon sugars form
RuBP
RuB  They immediately
P split into 12 PGAs
 The PGAs
transform into 12
PGALs (using up
ATP + NADPH from
light reactions)
 10 PGALs are used
PGAL to make 6 RuBPs
PGAL
 2 PGALs are used
to make glucose
GLUCOS
START CYCLE END
Calvin Cycle
CO2
ADP
NADP Sugar
Building
Reactions
NADPH
ATP
sugars
Calvin Cycle
From CO2  C6H12O6
 CO has very little chemical energy
2
 fully oxidized
C H12O6 contains a lot of chemical energy
6
 highly reduced
 Synthesis = endergonic process
 put in a lot of energy
 Reduction of CO2  C6H12O6 proceeds in many
small uphill steps
 each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
 using energy stored in ATP & NADPH
What are the
differences
between Light
Reaction and
Calvin Cycle?
Photosynthesis

Bioenergetics 1

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BIOENERGETICS

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

Pollen Xylem cells

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

All cellular work is

adenine phosphate group

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

H2O added or H2O removed

Requirements for Photosynthesis?

 Light. It is a visible part f electromagnetic

Location of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast

CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space

The Creation of ATP

The Creation of ATP

The Creation of ATP

The Creation of ATP

Water molecules are split:

CO2 + ATP + NADPH  C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP

CO2  builds sugars

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