12

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 1a

“LIGHT…ENERGY…REACTION!”
MELC:
 Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy
coupling and transfer. (K to 12 BEC CG: STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-1)

The following are specific objectives:

1. Discuss what an ATP mean;
2. Explain the Coupled Reaction Processes and describe the role of ATP in
energy coupling and transfer;
3. Compare Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which cellular organelle is responsible for manufacturing ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondria
2. Which of the following biomolecules is broken down to produce ATP?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Nucleic Acid
D. Carbohydrates
3. Which of the following is needed by the cells needed for cellular processes?
A. ATP
B. Oxygen
C. Sunlight
D. Carbohydrates
4. What cellular process requires chemical energy produced by ATP?
A. Cellular Division
B. Replicating DNA
C. Building Proteins
D. All of the Above
5. What type of biomolecule is ATP?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Nucleotide
D. Carbohydrate
6. How does ATP provide energy for the cell?
A. The bond between the first and second phosphate breaks and release
energy.
B. The bond between adenine and ribose breaks and release energy.
C. The bond between ribose and the first phosphate breaks and release
energy.
D. The bond between the second and third phosphate breaks and releases
energy.
7. In the ATP/ADP cycle, what action results in the storage of energy?
A. A ribose sugar is added
B. A ribose sugar is removed
C. A phosphate group is added
D. A phosphate group is removed
8. Which of the following is NOT a component of ATP?
A. Glucose
B. Ribose
C. Phosphate
D. Adenosine
9. ATP is a cell's main form of energy "currency." Which of the following
comprises an ATP molecule?
 A. Adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups.
B. A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and the sugar ribose.
C. Adenine, the sugar deoxyribose, and two phosphate groups.
D. A complex molecule of amino acids.
10. ATP provides the energy needed to carry out many cell functions. Which of
the following processes does not require ATP?
A. Making more ATP
B. Muscle contraction
C. Active transport of protein across a membrane
D. Passive transport of oxygen across a cell membrane
11. Where does your body get the energy for reattaching a third phosphate to
ADP, creating ATP?
A. From your cells
B. From nucleic acids
C. Through protein synthesis
D. From the breakdown of macromolecules
12. The following is TRUE about Spontaneous Reaction except .
A. A reaction that releases energy
B. A reaction that increases entropy
C. A reaction that decreases entropy
D. A reaction that has low activation energy
13. The following is TRUE about Endergonic Reaction except .
A. It reduces entropy.
B. It has positive net free energy.
C. It needs huge amount of energy to occur.
D. It needs negative or less net free energy.
14. If the net free energy decreased, it means .
A. No Reaction.
B. The reaction is exergonic.
C. The reaction is endergonic.
D. Dehydration happened.
15. Exergonic reaction is what type of reaction?
A. Catabolic Reaction
B. Anabolic Reaction
C. Hydrolysis Reaction
D. None of the above.

What’s In

Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that speed up the rate
of all chemical reactions that take place within the cells. Certain enzymes catalyze
the breakdown of organic foodstuffs. Once sugars are transported into cells, they
either serve as building blocks in the form of amino acids for proteins and fatty
acids for lipids or are subjected to metabolic pathways to provide the cell with ATP.
ATP, the common carrier of energy inside the cell, is made from adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Stored in the chemical bond
holding the terminal phosphate compound onto the ATP molecule is the energy
derived from the breakdown of sugars.
 What’s New

A cell can be thought of as a small, bustling town. Carrier proteins move

substances into and out of the cell, motor proteins carry cargoes along microtubule
tracks, and metabolic enzymes busily break down and build up macromolecules.
Even if they would not be energetically favorable (energy-releasing, or exergonic) in
isolation, these processes will continue merrily along if there is energy available to
power them (much as business will continue to be done in a town as long as there
is money flowing in). However, if the energy runs out, the reactions will grind to a
halt, and the cell will begin to die.
Energetically unfavorable reactions are “paid for” by linked, energetically
favorable reactions that release energy. Often, the "payment" reaction involves one
particular small molecule: adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.

What is It

The ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency for cellular processes.
ATP provides the energy for both energy-consuming endergonic reactions and
energy-releasing exergonic reactions, which require a small input of activation
energy. When the chemical bonds within ATP are broken, energy is released and
can be harnessed for cellular work. The more bonds in a molecule, the more
potential energy it contains. Because the bond in ATP is so easily broken and
reformed, ATP is like a rechargeable battery that powers cellular process ranging
from DNA replication to protein synthesis.

The removal of the terminal

Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au
phosphate, through the water-
mediated reaction called
hydrolysis, releases this energy,
which in turn fuels a large number
of crucial energy-absorbing
reactions in the cell. Hydrolysis
can be summarized as follows:
ATP +H2O → ADP + Pi+ energy
The formation of ATP is the
reverse of this equation, requiring
the addition of energy. The central
cellular pathway of ATP synthesis
begins with glycolysis, a form of
fermentation in which the sugar glucose is transformed into other sugars in a
series of nine enzymatic reactions, each successive reaction involving an
intermediate sugar containing phosphate. In the process, the six-carbon glucose is
converted into two molecules of the three-carbon pyruvic acid. Some of the energy
released through glycolysis of each glucose molecule is captured in the formation of
two ATP molecules.
ATM in Reaction coupling

Cells must obey the laws of chemistry and thermodynamics. When two
molecules react with each other inside a cell, their atoms are rearranged, forming
different molecules as reaction products and releasing or consuming energy in the
process. Overall, chemical reactions occur only in one direction; that is, the final
reaction product molecules cannot spontaneously react, in a reversal of the original
process, to reform the original molecules. This directionality of chemical reactions
is explained by the fact that molecules only change from states of higher free energy
to states of lower free energy. Free energy is the ability to perform work (in this
case, the “work” is the rearrangement of atoms in the chemical reaction). When
work is performed, some free energy is used and lost, with the result that the
process ends at lower free energy. To use a familiar mechanical analogy, water at
the top of a hill has the ability to perform the “work” of flowing downhill (i.e., it has
high free energy), but, once it has flowed downhill, it cannot flow back up (i.e., it is
in a state of low free energy). However, through another work process—that of a
pump, for example— the water can be returned to the top of the hill, thereby
recovering its ability to flow downhill. In thermodynamic terms, the free energy of
the water has been increased by energy from an outside source (i.e., the pump). In
the same way, the product molecules of a chemical reaction in a cell cannot reverse
the reaction and return to their original state unless energy is supplied by coupling
the process to another chemical reaction.
All catalysts, including enzymes, accelerate chemical reactions without
affecting their direction. To return to the mechanical analogy, enzymes cannot
make water flow uphill, although they can provide specific pathways for a downhill
flow. Yet most of the chemical reactions that the cell needs to synthesize new
molecules necessary for its growth require an uphill flow. In other words, the
reactions require more energy than their starting molecules can provide.

Cells use a single strategy over and over again in order to get around the
limitations of chemistry: they use the energy from an energy-releasing chemical
reaction to drive an energy-absorbing reaction that would otherwise not occur. A
useful mechanical analogy might be a mill wheel driven by the water in a stream.
The water, in order to flow downhill, is forced to flow past the blades of the wheel,
causing the wheel to turn. In this way, part of the energy from the moving stream is
harnessed to move a mill wheel, which may be linked to a winch. As the winch
turns, it can be used to pull a heavy load uphill. Thus, the energy-absorbing (but
useful) uphill movement of a load can be driven by coupling it directly to the
energy-releasing flow of water.
In cells, enzymes play the role of mill wheels by coupling energy-releasing
reactions with energy-absorbing reactions. As discussed below, in cells the most
important energy-releasing reaction serving a role similar to that of the flowing
stream is the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In turn, the production of
ATP molecules in the cells is an energy-absorbing reaction that is driven by being
coupled to the energy-releasing breakdown of sugar molecules. In retracing this
chain of reactions, it is necessary first to understand the source of the sugar
molecules.
When reaction coupling involves ATP, the shared intermediate is often a
phosphorylated molecule (a molecule to which one of the phosphate groups of ATP
has been attached). As an example of how this works, let’s look at the formation of
sucrose, or table sugar, from glucose and fructose.

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-
energetics/cellular-energy/a/atp-and-reaction-coupling

This example shows how reaction coupling involving ATP can work through
phosphorylation, breaking a reaction down into two energetically favored steps
connected by a phosphorylated (phosphate-bearing) intermediate. This strategy is
used in many metabolic pathways in the cell, providing a way for the energy
released by converting ATP to ADP to drive other reactions forward.

Role of ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency for cellular processes.
When the chemical bonds within ATP are broken, energy is released and can be
harnessed for cellular work. The more bonds in a molecule, the more potential
energy it contains. Because the bond in ATP is so easily broken and reformed, ATP
is like a rechargeable battery that powers cellular process ranging from DNA
replication to protein synthesis. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into
ADP is used to perform cellular work, usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of
ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions.
Case study: Sodium-potassium pump
It’s energetically unfavorable to move sodium (Na+) out of, or Potassium (K+)
into, a typical cell, because this movement is against the concentration gradients of
the ions. ATP provides energy for the transport of sodium and potassium by way of
a membrane-embedded protein called the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+
pump).
 Image modified from The sodium-potassium exchange pump, by Blausen staff (CC BY
3.0(Opens in a new window).

In this process, ATP transfers one of its phosphate groups to the pump protein,
forming ADP and a phosphorylated “intermediate” form of the pump. The
phosphorylated pump is unstable in its original conformation (facing the inside of
the cell), so it becomes more stable by changing shape, opening towards the outside
of the cell and releasing sodium ions outside. When extracellular potassium ions
bind to the phosphorylated pump, they trigger the removal of the phosphate group,
making the protein unstable in its outward-facing form. The protein will then
become more stable by returning to its original shape, releasing the potassium ions
inside the cell.
Although this example involves chemical gradients and protein transporters, the
basic principle is similar to the sucrose example above. ATP hydrolysis is coupled
to a work-requiring (energetically unfavorable) process through formation of an
unstable, phosphorylated intermediate, allowing the process to take place in a
series of steps that are each energetically favorable.
Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.
Reactions that have a negative ∆G release free energy and are called
exergonic reactions. (Handy mnemonic: EXergonic means energy is EXiting the
system.) A negative ∆G means that the reactants, or initial state, have more free
energy than the products, or final state. Exergonic reactions are also called
spontaneous reactions, because they can occur without the addition of energy.
Reactions with a positive ∆G (∆G > 0), on the other hand, require an input of
energy and are called endergonic reactions. In this case, the products, or final
state, have more free energy than the reactants, or initial state. Endergonic
reactions are non-spontaneous, meaning that energy must be added before they
can proceed. You can think of endergonic reactions as storing some of the added
energy in the higher- energy products they form.

It’s important to realize that the word spontaneous has a very specific
meaning here: it means a reaction will take place without added energy, but it
doesn't say anything about how quickly the reaction will happen. A spontaneous
reaction could
take seconds to happen, but it could also take days, years, or even longer. The rate
of a reaction depends on the path it takes between starting and final states (the
purple lines on the diagrams below), while spontaneity is only dependent on the
starting and final states themselves. We'll explore reaction rates further when we
look at activation energy.

Figure 1 Source: Image credit:OpenStax Biology

Spontaneity of forward and reverse reactions

If a reaction is endergonic in one direction (e.g., converting products to
reactants), then it must be exergonic in the other, and vice versa. As an example,
let’s consider the synthesis and breakdown of the small molecule adenosine
triphosphate, which is the "energy currency" of the cell.

ATP is made from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (Pi) according
to the following equation:
ADP +Pi → ATP + H2O
This is an endergonic reaction, with ∆G = +7.3kcal/mol, 3 under standard
conditions meaning 1M concentrations of all reactants and products, 1atm
pressure, 25 degrees C and ph of 7.0. In the cells of your body, the energy needed
to make ATP is provided by the breakdown of fuel molecules, such as glucose, or by
other reactions that are energy-releasing (exergonic).
The reverse process, the hydrolysis (water-mediated breakdown) of ATP, is
identical but with the reaction flipped backwards:

ATP +H2O → ADP + Pi

This is an exergonic reaction, and its ∆G is identical in magnitude and
opposite in sign to that of the ATP synthesis reaction (∆G = -7.3kcal/mol under
standard conditions). This relationship of same magnitude and opposite signs will
always apply to the forward and backward reactions of a reversible process.
 What’s More

A. Directions: Compare and contrast exergonic and endergonic

reactions using the Venn diagram below. (10 points)

B. Directions: Describe what happens to the energy during the

chemical reactions. Analyze the illustration given for each as basis
of your description. (5 pts. Each)
 .

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill out the blanks below to complete the text that defines
the role of ATP in coupling reaction. Choose your answer from the box below.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the currency for processes.

When the chemical bonds within ATP are , energy is and can be
harnessed for cellular work. The bonds in a molecule, the more potential
energy it contains. Because the bond in ATP is so easily broken and reformed, ATP
is like a rechargeable that powers cellular process ranging from replication to
synthesis.

broken energy DNA protein released cellular

more battery
 What I Can Do

Directions: In this activity, you will create an endothermic and an exothermic

reaction. The cellular processes of energy intake and output are called
endergonic or exergonic. The specific chemical reactions are called
endothermic and exothermic reactions. You will also be taking
qualitative and quantitative observations. Make sure to label the
observations as such.
Materials:
Flask and dish !!! Caution !!!
Thermometer
Citric Acid is a strong acid. Do not
50ml room temperature water ingest. Avoid skin/eye contact. If
contact occurs, flush affected area
2 g citric acid e.g. from citrus fruits like lemon
with water for 15 minutes, rinse
2 g baking soda mouth with water.
spoon or scoop
Procedure:
Read directions first. Create a data table.
1. Fill the flask with 50 ml water.
2. Place thermometer in beaker. Record temperature (Celsius)
3. Feel outside of flask. Record your observations.
4. Stir in Citric Acid
5. Record the temperature. Feel the beaker and record your observations.
6. Stir in the baking soda.
7. Take the temperature of the Citric acid/ baking soda solution. Record
the temperature every minute for 5 minutes.
8. Record any other observations.
Conclusion: Explain what happened in terms of energy.

.
Analysis:
1. If an exothermic reaction releases heat, why is it inaccurate to say that
an endothermic reaction releases cold?
2. Explain why the energy that is stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule is
not destroyed when that molecule is broken down into smaller molecules

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What occurs when a phosphate-phosphate bond in an ATP molecule is broken??
A. Energy is released in a cell?
B. Water is transported through the cell membrane.
C. Light energy is absorbed by chloroplasts.
D. Lysosomes released their contents into the cytoplasm.
2. A scientist hydrolyzes ATP in a laboratory test tube. He finds that about 3 times
as much heat is released than when the same amount of ATP is hydrolyzed in a
cell. What best explains the scientist’s observation?
A. Cells are less efficient at producing heat.
B. ATP hydrolysis in a cell makes different products than in a test tube.
C. Enzymes in cells use heat energy to catalyze reactions.
D. Cells often convert some of the energy from ATP hydrolysis into other
usable forms.
3. Which of the following molecules is used as “energy currency” for the cell?
A. ADP.
B. Water.
C. Phosphate group.
D. ATP.
4. This is an energy available to do work.
A. Activation Energy
B. Gibbs Free Energy
C. Exothermic Process
D. Endothermic Process
5. Which of the following is TRUE about Exergonic reactions that releases energy.
A. spontaneous (-ΔG)
B. spontaneous (+ΔG)
C. non-spontaneous (+ΔG)
D. non-spontaneous (-ΔG)
6. Which of the following is TRUE about Endergonic reactions that requires energy.
A. spontaneous (-ΔG)
B. spontaneous (+ΔG)
C. non-spontaneous (+ΔG)
D. non-spontaneous (-ΔG)
7. Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
A. Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two.
B. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
C. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
D. Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that when
hydrolyzed releases free energy.
8. The equation A+B → AB + Energy is what type of reaction?
A. Exergonic
B. Exothermic
 C. Endergonic
D. Endothermic
9. Why ATP is considered the to be the universal source of energy for endergonic
reactions but is not the storage form of energy under physiological conditions.
A. The actual free energy of hydrolysis of ATP is only -11 to -12kcal.
B. ATP is not located in the cytoplasm where most endergonic reactions occur.
C. The half-life of ATP is too short.
D. The synthesis rate of ATP is not efficient.
10.Which of the following is the standard potential for a reaction?
A. Unrelated to the free energy of the reaction.
B. Changes in the presence of oxygen.
C. Negative for a spontaneous process.
D. Measures the tendency to donate electrons.
11.Coupled reactions involved in the trapping of free energy from fuel molecules
consist of?
A. Two exergonic reactions, one of which has a lower free energy change than
the other.
B. One exergonic reaction coupled to an endergonic reaction, which has a
lower free energy change than the exergonic reaction.
C. One endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction, which has a
lower free energy change than the endergonic reaction.
D. All of the above.
12. Which of the following is an unfavorable reaction that requires an input of
energy in order to proceed.
A. Exergonic.
B. Endergonic.
C. Enzyme.
D. None of the above
13. Which of the following is the endergonic synthesis of the molecules?
A. Metabolism.
B. Anabolism
C. Catabolism
D. Exernism.
14. Which of the following is the exergonic breakdown of substrates?
A. Metabolism
B. Anabolism
C. Catabolism
D. Exernism
15. Which of the following is true about enzymes?
A. Enzymes are catalysts and, therefore, increase the rate of a reaction while
not being permanently altered by the reaction.
B. Enzymes are proteins that can be denatured by changes in pH or
temperature.
C. Enzymes are highly specific for the substrates they react with and catalyze
only one or a limited set of possible reactions with those substrates.
D. All of these are true about enzymes.
 Additional Activities

Directions: Answer the following questions below. Use the given rubric as your
guide. (20 Points).

1. Look at each of the processes shown below. Name the situation in the
picture and decide if it is endergonic or exergonic process.

2. Does physical exercise to increase muscle mass involve anabolic and or

catabolic processes? Give evidence for your answers.

.
3. Explain in your own terms the difference between a spontaneous
reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this
difference.
 .
4. With regard to enzymes, why are vitamins and minerals necessary for good
health? Give examples.

Rubric for Essay

5 - Expert 4-Very 3-Good 2-Fair 1-Beginner
Good
Content The essay is The essay is The essay is The essay is The essay
fully fully focused sufficiently minimally shows little
focused and and contains focused and focused. focus. Ideas
contains a ample ideas contains Some ideas and examples
wealth of and some ideas and are irrelevant.
ideas and examples. and examples are
examples examples. vague.
Organization The ideas The The The Little
are grouped organization organization organization evidence of
in a logical is is generally is less organization
manner. appropriate, appropriate, appropriate, and
Effective and and the ideas Lack clear sequencing of
and varied sequencing are clearly introduction ideas.
transitions of ideas is sequenced. and Transitions
are used. logical. Transitions conclusion. are not used.
Varied are used. Transitions
transition is are rare.
used.
Style The essay The tone of The tone is The tone is The tone is
utilizes the essay appropriate. uneven. inappropriate.
carefully enhances the Word choice Word choice Word choice
crafted purpose. is adequate is simple is incorrect
phrases to Word choice but may be and and
create is simple and ordinary. confusing.
sustained appropriate. ordinary. There is Sentences are
tone. Word minimal too brief.
choice variation is
shows sentence
enhanced structure.
vocabulary.
Conventions No errors Errors are Errors may Errors are Errors are
are evident. minor and interfere frequent and pervasive.
do not meaning but interfere
interfere not with
with distracting. meaning.
meaning.
References

Internet and other sources:

https://www.scribd.com/document/423790596/GENBIO-LESSON-PLAN-docx
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-
energy/a/atp-and-reaction-coupling
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology/Coupled-chemical-reactions
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-
tutorial/a/gibbs-free-energy
https://www.thoughtco.com/endergonic-vs-exergonic-609258
https://www.birdvilleschools.net/cms/lib2/TX01000797/Centricity/Domain/852/
endothermic%20and%20exothermic%20lab%20teacher%20pages.pdf
http://www.tusculum.edu/faculty/home/ivanlare/html/microbiology/question/q2
0.html
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/4-1-energy-and-metabolism/