ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

- ATP-ADP CYCLE
1. Water- H2O
- It is an inorganic compound a substance composed of the chemical elements
hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states.
2. Carbon dioxide- CO2
- An important heat-trapping gas, or greenhouse gas.
3. Oxygen- O2 / O
- O is a singular oxygen atom. O2 is a molecule made of two oxygen
molecules. Our atmosphere is made of mostly O2, which our bodies have
evolved to breathe.
4. Glucose- C6H12O6
- the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the
body's cells.
- Carbohydrates- bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti,
soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie.
- Liquid form of glucose are dextrose and sperm cell.
5. Photosynthesis- 6CO2+ H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
- the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create
oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW WE GET ENERGY
FROM THE FOOD THAT WE EAT?
HOW DO PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD?
Sun is the source of all energy. Energy captured
by the plants/ other autotrophs. And it is pass
to another organism through FOOD CHAIN.
AUTOTROPHS- they can make their own food
or energy.
FOOD CHAIN- series of organisms that depend
on each other as source of food.
- We learned that all organisms are made up of
cells which have different structures, types,
functions, ways of reproducing & transport
mechanisms.

Note: Cells need energy to continue their

functions.
Where do cells get
energy?
ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate)
Objectives:
1. Define ATP and ADP.
2. Compare and contrast ATP and ADP.
3. Explain the ATP-ADP Cycle.
ATP-ADP CYCLE
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- A nucleotide that is considered to be the major
energy source of the cell.
- It provides activities energy for most of energy
consuming activities of the cell and thus, it is
dubbed as the energy currency of the cell.

NUCLEOTIDE
- Composed of a nitrogenous base, sugar &
phosphate group.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
- Is also a nucleotide but it is composed of Adenine,
Ribose, & two phosphate group only.

However, they are differ on the number of

phosphate groups that they have. ATP has three
phosphate group while ADP has only two.
Cellular respiration
- a series of chemical reactions that break
down glucose to produce ATP, which may
be used as energy to power many
reactions throughout the body.
Endergonic reaction

Exergonic reaction
Hydrolysis of ATP
- The bonds of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) can be broken through the addition
of water.
ATPases (ATP)
- a group of enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form
adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
ATP Synthase (ADP)
- an enzyme that directly generates
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the
process of cellular respiration.
Exergonic reaction
- Energy released
- Hydrolysis of ATP

Endergonic reaction
- Energy input
- Phosphorylation of ADP
Phosphorylation of ADP
- The process of introducing a phosphate
group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to
produce ATP.
All the released energy from ATP will just be
transformed into heat energy if not used
directly by the cell. And so, the cell has a
mechanism to use the released energy to fuel
cellular activities such as:
1. Moving molecules into and out of the cells,
2. Protein conformation
3. Breaking & forming chemical bond
4. Muscle cell contraction & other tasks the cells
needs to do.
 Hydrolysis of ATP Phosphorylation of
ADP
Bond between two Broken Formed
phosphate groups
Action on one Released Added
inorganic phosphate
group

Type of reaction Exergonic Endergonic

Energy Released Absorbed
Enzyme involved ATPase ATP synthase
Notice that the hydrolysis of ATP &
phosphorylation of ADP forms a cyclic reaction.
This cyclic reaction where phosphate bonds are
broken or formed & energy is released or sored
is called the ATP-ADP Cycle.
In summary,
• ATP is produced through cellular respiration from
the food that organisms eat.
• ATP will then undergo hydrolysis to produce ADP
and release energy.
• Energy that is released will be used to fuel cellular
activities & regenerate ATP.
• To constantly supply the cell with the energy, ADP
will undergo phosphorylation to regenerate ATP
through coupled reaction processes.
Let’s check your learnings;
1. What does ATP stands for?
2. Organisms like plants, that make their own
food or energy are referred to as
____________.
3. What are the parts of ATP molecules?
4. How many phosphate group does ADP?
5. What does ADP stands for?