keâchÙetšj, [sše kesâ efve¤heCe kesâ efueS yeeFvejer Yee<ee keâe ØeÙeesie keâjlee nw~ Ùes 2.

oMeceueJe Ùee oMeefcekeâ mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Decimal

yeeFvejer Yee<ee 0 Deewj 1 mes efceuekeâj yeveer nesleer nw~ GheÙeesiekeâlee& keâchÙetšj keâes pees Number System)
Yeer [sše Ùee efveoxMe Fvehegš kesâ ¤he ceW oslee nw Ùee keâchÙetšj mes pees Yeer DeeGšhegš owefvekeâ peerJeve ceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeueer mebKÙee heæefle keâes oMeefcekeâ Ùee
Øeehle keâjlee nw, Jen De#ej, mebKÙee, mebkesâle, OJeefve Ùee Jeere[f Ùees kesâ ¤he ceW neslee nw~ oMeceueJe mebKÙee ØeCeeueer keâne peelee nw~ Fme mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW 0, 1, 2,
Fve meYeer [sše Ùee efveoXMeeW keâes henues yeeFvejer Yee<ee ceW yeouevee heÌ[lee nw DeLee&led 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, Deewj 9 Ùes ome mebkesâle ceeve (Symbol Value) nesles nw~
[sše keâes 0 Deewj 1 kesâ ¤he ceW Øemlegle keâjvee heÌ[lee nw~ Fme Øeef›eâÙee keâes ‘[sše efpeme keâejCe Fme mebKÙee ØeCeeueer keâe DeeOeej 10 neslee nw~ oMeceueJe
efve¤heCe’ keânles nQ~ ØeCeeueer keâe mLeeveerÙe ceeve (Positional Value) mebKÙee kesâ oeF& mes yeeF&
mebKÙee heæefle (Number System) efoMee ceW DeeOeej (Base) 10 keâer Ieele keâer Je=efæ kesâ ›eâce kesâ ¤he ceW neslee
nw~ oMeceueJe ØeCeeueer kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeveeW keâes efvecve Øekeâej mes mecePee pee
mebKÙee heæefle kesâ Devleie&le efJeefYevve Øekeâej keâer mebKÙeeDeeW keâe mecetn neslee nw, mekeâlee nw~
efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie keâchÙetšj ceW efkeâmeer [sše/efveoxMe keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves kesâ efueS keâjles nQ~
keâchÙetšj keâes [sše Ùee efveoxMe Deueie-Deieue mebKÙee heæefle ceW efoÙee peelee nw Deewj mLeeve (oeFË mes yeeFË Deesj) mLeeveerÙe ceeve 10 keâer Ieele
(Position) (Positional Value) (Power of 10)
keâchÙetšj Deueie-Deueie mebKÙee heæefle cebs [sše keâes efve¤efhele keâjlee nw, efkeâvleg
Deevleefjkeâ ¤he mes efkeâmeer keâeÙe& keâes keâjves kesâ efueS keâchÙetšj yeeFvejer Yee<ee keâe ner 1 FkeâeF& (1) 100
ØeÙeesie keâjlee nw~ 2 oneF& (10) 101
mebKÙee heæefle kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Number System) 3 meQkeâÌ[e (100) 102
4 npeej (1000) 103
keâchÙetšj efmemšce Éeje ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer mebKÙee heæefleÙeeB cegKÙele: Ûeej Øekeâej
keâer nesleer nQ 5 ome npeej (10,000) 104
(1) yeeFvejer mebKÙee heæefle 6 ueeKe (1,00,000) 105
(2) oMeceueJe mebKÙee heæefle 7 ome ueeKe (10,00,000) 106
(3) Dee@keäšue mebKÙee heæefle Fmemes mhe° nw efkeâ oMeceueJe mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW mLeeveerÙe ceeve oeFË Deesj mes
(4) nskeämee[smeerceue mebKÙee heæefle yeeFË Deesj 10 keâer Ieele kesâ ¤he ceW yeÌ{les peeles nQ~ Fmeer lejn oMeceueJe
1. yeeFvejer Ùee efÉ-DeeOeejer mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Binary efyevog (Decimal Point) kesâ oeFË Deesj mLeeveerÙe ceeve 10 keâer IeeleeW kesâ
¤he ceW ner Iešles peeles nQ; pewmes- 101, 102, 103, 104...........
Number System)
Deeefo efkeâmeer mebKÙee kesâ JeemleefJekeâ ceeve keâe helee keâjves kesâ efueS Gmekesâ
Fme mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW kesâJeue oes Debkeâ nesles nQ- 0 (MetvÙe) Deewj 1 (Skeâ)~ ØelÙeskeâ Debkeâ kesâ cegKÙe ceeve keâes Gmekesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve mes iegCee keâjles nQ Deewj
efpeme keâejCe Fmekeâe DeeOeej 2 neslee nw~ FmeefueS Fmes efÉ-DeeOeejer Ùee GvnW peesÌ[ uesles nQ~
yeeFvejer mebKÙee ØeCeeueer keâne peelee nw~ efpeme ØeCeeueer ceW keâchÙetšj keâer cegKÙe
GoenjCe kesâ efueS oMeceueJe mebKÙee 3437 keâe DeLe& nw
heæefle yeveleer nw, Jen efmJeÛe keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ efmJeÛe keâer kesâJeue oes
efmLeefleÙeeB nesleer nQ- Dee@ve (ON) leLee Dee@Heâ (OFF)~ Fmekesâ DeueeJee keâesF& DebkeâesW kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve (oeFË oMeceueJe mebKÙee kesâ
leermejer efmLeefle mecYeJe veneR nw~ Fme DeeOeej hej keâchÙetšj mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW mebkesâle ceeve
ceeve mes yeeFË efoMee ceW) Debkeâes keâe ceeve
0 (MetvÙe) keâe DeLe& Dee@Heâ mes leLee 1 (Skeâ) keâe DeLe& Dee@ve mes ueieeÙee peelee
3 4 3 7
nw~ yeeFvejer ØeCeeueer keâe DeeOeej 2 nesves kesâ keâejCe Gmekesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve oeF&
7 100  1 7 1  7
Deesj mes yeeFË Deesj ›eâceMe: oesiegves nesles peeles nQ DeLee&led 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
64 Deeefo~ 3 101  10 3 10  30
Ùes mebKÙeeSB efÉ-DeeOeej kesâ IeeleeW ceW ›eâceMe: 20, 21, 22 , 23, 24 , 25, 26 4 102  100 4 100  400
Deeefo kesâ ¤he ceW efueKeer pee mekeâleer nQ~ Fmeer Øekeâej yeeFvejer efyevog (Binary
3 103  1000 3 1000  3000
Point) kesâ yeeFË Deesj mLeeveerÙe ceeve 2 keâer IeeleeW kesâ ¤he ceW ner Iešles nQ;
pewmes- 21, 22 , 23,............ Deeefo~ 3437
3. Dee@keäšue Ùee De°-DeeOeejer mebKÙee ØeCeeueer

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 (Octal Number System) efueÙee peeS, FmeefueS nce DebkeâeW 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Deewj 15 kesâ mLeeve
Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Deewj 7 Fve Dee" Debkeâes hej ›eâceMe: A, B, C, D, E, leLee F De#ej efueKeles nQ~ Fme Øekeâej Fme
ØeCeeueer ceW ome Debkeâ leLee Ú: JeCeeX keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, pees
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efpeme keâejCe Fmekeâe DeeOeej 8 neslee nw~ Fve
efvecveefueefKele nQ
DebkeâeW kesâ cegKÙe ceeve oMeceueJe mebKÙee ØeCeeueer keâer lejn ner nesles nQ~
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ØeCeeueer FmeefueS megefJeOeepevekeâ nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ FmeceW efkeâmeer Yeer
nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW Debkeâes kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve oeFË Deesj mes yeeFË
yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes Úesšs ¤he ceW efueKe mekeâles nQ~
Deesj 16 kesâ iegCekeâeW ceW yeÌ{les nQ;
GoenjCe kesâ efueS
pewmes- 160 , 161, 162 , 163,...............Deeefo Fmeer Øekeâej nskeämee-[smeerceue
Dee@keäšue (Octal) yeeFvejer (Binary) efyevog kesâ yeeo Fmekesâ mLeeveerÙe~ ceeve 16 kesâ iegCekeâeW ceW Iešles nQ; pewmes-
0 000 16–1, 16–2, 16–3, 16–4,...............Deeefo~
1 001 GoenjCe kesâ efueS nskeämee-[smeerceue (F6A4)16 keâe DeLe& nw
2 010 mebkesâle ceeve Debkeâes kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve Dee@keäšue mebKÙee kesâ
3 011 ceeve (oeFË mes yeeFË Debkeâes keâe ceeve
efoMee ceW)
4 100
F 6 A 4
5 101 4 1×4=4
160  1
6 110 10 16 × 10 = 160
161  16
7 111 6 162  256 256 × 6 = 1536
Fme ØeCeeueer keâe ØeÙeesie cegKÙele: ceeF›eâes keâchÙetšjeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 15 163  4096 4096 × 15 = 61440
DeeOeej 8 nesves keâe keâejCe De°efcekeâ mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW DebkeâeW kesâ mLeeveerÙe 63140
ceeve oeFË Deesj mes yeeFË Deesj ›eâceMe: Dee" iegves nesles peeles nQ~ DeLee&led  (F6A4)16  (63140)10
80 , 81, 82 , 83,........... Deeefo leLee Dee@keäšue efyevog oeFË Deesj ›eâceMe: nce efkeâmeer Yeer mebKÙee keâes efkeâmeer Yeer mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW efueKe mekeâles nQ~
81, 82 , 83,..................1Deeefo nesles nQ~ GoenjCe kesâ efueS, henueer 16 mebKÙeeDeeW keâes oMeceueJe, Dee@keäšue, yeeFvejer leLee
GoenjCe kesâ efueS Dee@keäšue mebKÙee (144)8 keâe DeLe& nw nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW efvecve Øekeâej efueKee peelee nw-
mebkesâle ceeve Debkeâes kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve Dee@keäšue mebKÙee kesâ oMeceueJe yeeFvejer Dee@keäšue nskeämee-[smeerceue
ceeve (oeFË mes yeeFË Debkeâes keâe ceeve 0 0 0 0
efoMee ceW) 1 1 1 1
1 4 4 2 10 2 2
4 8 1
0 4×1=4 3 11 3 3
4 8 8
1 4 × 8 = 32 4 100 4 4
1 82  64 1 × 64 = 64 5 101 5 5
100 6 110 6 6
 (144)8  (100)10 7 111 7 7
veesš efkeâmeer Yeer mebKÙee keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjles meceÙe mebKÙee keâes keâes‰keâeW ceW yevo 8 1000 10 8
keâjkesâ oeFË Deesj veerÛes Gmekeâe DeeOeej (Base) efueKe efoÙee peelee nw, efpememes 9 1001 11 9
nceW helee Ûeuelee nw efkeâ oer ieF& mebKÙee efkeâme ØeCeeueer keâer nw~ 10 1010 12 A

4. nskeämee-[smeerceue Ùee <ešdoMeefcekeâ mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Hexa- 11 1011 13 B

12 1100 14 C
decimal Number System)
13 1101 15 D
nskeämee-[smeerceue Meyo oes De#ejeW mes efceuekeâj yevee nw nskeämee + [smeerceue~ 14 1110 16 E
nskeämee mes leelheÙe& Ú: leLee [smeerceue mes leelheÙe& ome mes neslee nw~ Dele: Fme
15 1111 17 F
mebKÙee ØeCeeueer ceW kegâue meesuen [16] (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A,
B, C, D, E, F) Debkeâ nesles nQ~ Fmekesâ cegKÙe ceeve ›eâceMe: 0 mes 15 lekeâ
nesles nQ, hejvleg 10, 11, 12, Deeefo keâes oes Deueie-Deueie Debkeâ ve mecePe

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mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW keâe Deeheme ceW heefjJele&ve (Conversion mšshe 4 Ùes hetCeeËkeâ yeeFvejer efyevog kesâ heMÛeeled Thej mes veerÛes kesâ ›eâce ceW
efueKes peeles nQ~
between Number System)
Skeâ heæefle mes otmejer mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW ceW heefjJele&ve DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ GoenjCe kesâ efueS
GheÙeesiekeâlee& (User) Éeje Fvehegš efkeâÙee ieÙee [sše oMeceueJe mebKÙee heæefle ceW oMeceueJe mebKÙee (53.6875)10 keâes yeeFvejer ceW yeouevee~
neslee nw~ efpemekesâ yeeo keâchÙetšj Fme Fvehegš efkeâS ieS [sše keâes Gme mebKÙee heæefle 53 0.6875
ceW yeoue oslee nw, efpemeceW Gmes megefJeOee nes~ Skeâ ef[efpešue keâchÙetšj efmemšce ceW  
hetCeekeâ
&b efYevveebkeâ
Skeâ meceÙe ceW leerve Ùee Ûeej mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmeer (Integer) ( Fraction)
keâejCe mes mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW keâes Deeheme ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjeÙee peelee nw~ hetCeeËkeâ Yeeie 53 keâe yeeFvejer heefjJele&ve
efJeefYevve mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW keâes Deeheme ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves keâer ÛeÛee& Deeies keâer ieF& nQ
53  2  26 Mes<e 1
1. oMeceueJe keâe DevÙe mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW ceW heefjJele&ve
26  2 13 Mes<e 0
(Conversion of Decimal System to Other
Number Systems) 13 2  6 Mes<e 1

oMeceueJe (hetCeeËkeâ) keâes yeeFvejer ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele mšshme keâe 62 3 Mes<e 0
DevegmejCe keâjvee ÛeeefnS 3 2 1 Mes<e 1
mšshe 1 oMeceueJe keâes yeeFvejer mebKÙee ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS yeeFvejer 1 2  0 Mes<e 1
mebKÙee kesâ DeeOeej 2 mes oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes Yeeie osles nQ~
 (53)10  (110101)2................................(i)
mšshe 2 FmeceW pees Mes<eHeâue Deelee nw, Gmes oeSB efueKe uesles nQ leLee pees leLee efYevveebkeâ Yeeie 0.6875 keâe yeeFvejer heefjJele&ve
YeeieHeâue Deelee nw, Gmes efHeâj mes 2 mes Yeeie osles nQ~ lelheMÛeeled
Ùener ef›eâÙee oesnjeles nQ~ 0.6875  2  1.3750 hetCeeËkeâ 1

mšshe 3 Ùen Øeef›eâÙee leye lekeâ Ûeueleer jnleer nw, peye lekeâ efkeâ YeeieHeâue 0.3750  2  0.7500 hetCeeËkeâ 0
MetvÙe ve nes peeS~ 0.7500  2  1.5000 hetCeeËkeâ 1
mšshe 4 Øeehle Mes<eHeâueeW keâes veerÛes mes Thej kesâ ›eâce ceW efueKee peelee nw~ 0.5000  2  1.0000 hetCeeËkeâ 1
Ùener Mes<eHeâue efoS ieS oMeceueJe mebKÙee kesâ leguÙe yeeFvejer mebKÙee
 (0.6875)10  (0.1011)2................................(ii )
nw~
meceer (i) Je (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej
(ii) oMeceueJe (efYevveebkeâ) keâe yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve (Conversion of
(53.6875)10  (110101.1011)2
Decimal Fraction into Binary)
(iii) oMeceueJe (hetCeeËkeâ) keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve (Conversion of
oMeceueJe (efYevveebkeâ) keâes yeeFvejer ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele mšshme
Decimal Interger to Octal)
keâe DevegmejCe keâjvee ÛeeefnS
oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue ceW yeoueves keâer efJeefOe "erkeâ Gmeer Øekeâej nesleer
mšshe 1 oMeceueJe efyevog Jeeueer oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes yeeFvejer mebKÙee ceW nw, efpeme Øekeâej oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes yeeFvejer ceW yeoueves keâer nesleer nw~
yeoueves kesâ efueS nce oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes yeeFvejer kesâ DeeOeej Devlej kesâJeue Ùener neslee nw efkeâ peneB oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes yeeFvejer ceW
efÛevn 2 mes iegCee keâjles nQ~ yeoueves kesâ efueS 2 mes yeej-yeej Yeeie osles nQ, JeneR Dee@keäšue ceW yeoueves kesâ
efueS 8 mes yeej-yeej Yeeie osles nQ~
mšshe 2 Øeehle hetCeeËkeâ (1 Ùee 0) keâes oeFË Deesj efueKeles nQ leLee Øeehle
(iv) oMeceueJe (efYevveebkeâ) keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve (Conversion of
efYevveebkeâ keâes efHeâj mes 2 mes iegCee keâjles nQ~ lelheMÛeeled Ùener ef›eâÙee Decimal Fraction to Octal)
oesnjeles nQ~ oMeceueJe efYevveebkeâ keâes Dee@keäšue ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele mšshme
mšshe 3 Ùener Øeef›eâÙee leye lekeâ Ûeueleer nQ, peye lekeâ Ùee lees efYevveebkeâ 0 jn keâe DevegmejCe keâjvee ÛeeefnS
peelee nw Ùee FefÛÚle mLeeveeW lekeâ efyeš Yej peeles nQ~

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 mšshe 1 oMeceueJe efyevog Jeeueer oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ceW mšshe 1 oMeceueJe efyevog Jeeueer oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue
yeoueves kesâ efueS nce oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue kesâ DeeOeej mebKÙee ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS nce oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes nskeämee-
efÛevn 8 mes iegCee keâjles nQ~ [smeerceue kesâ DeeOeej efÛevn 16 mes iegCee keâjles nQ~
mšshe 2 Øeehle hetCeeËkeâ (1 Ùee 0) keâes oeFË Deesj efueKeles nQ leLee efYevveebkeâ mšshe 2 Øeehle hetCeeËkeâ (1 Ùee 0) keâes oeFË Deesj efueKeles nQ Deewj efYevveebkeâ
keâes efHeâj mes 8 mes Yeeie osles nQ~ lelheMÛeeled Ùener ef›eâÙee oesnjeles nQ~ keâes efHeâj mes 16 mes Yeeie osles nQ~ lelheMÛeeled Ùener ef›eâÙee oesnjeles
mšshe 3 Ùener Øeef›eâÙee leye lekeâ Ûeueleer nw, peye lekeâ Ùee lees efYevveebkeâ 0 jn nQ~
peelee nw Ùee FefÛÚle mLeeveeW lekeâ efyeš Yej peeles nQ~ mšshe 3 Ùener Øeef›eâÙee leye lekeâ Ûeueleer nw, peye lekeâ Ùee lees efYevveebkeâ 0 jn
mšshe 4 Ùes hetCeeËkeâ Dee@keäšue efyevog kesâ heMÛeeled Thej mes veerÛes kesâ ›eâce ceW peelee nw Ùee FefÛÚle mLeeveeW lekeâ efyeš Yej peeles nQ~
efueKes peeles nQ~ mšshe 4 Ùes hetCeeËkeâ nskeämee-[smeerceue efyevog kesâ heMÛeeled Thej mes veerÛes kesâ
GoenjCe kesâ efueS ›eâce ceW efueKes peeles nQ~
oMeceueJe mebKÙee (423.03125)10 keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve GoenjCe kesâ efueS
423 0.03125 oMeceueJe mebKÙee (2863.225)10 keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW yeouevee
 
hetCeekeâ
b& efYevveebkeâ 2863 0.225
(Integer) ( Fraction)  
hetCeekeâ
b& efYevveebkeâ
hetCeeËkeâ Yeeie (423)10 keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve (Integer) ( Fraction)
423  8  52 Mes<e 7
hetCeeËkeâ Yeeie (2863)10 keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve
52  8  6 Mes<e 4
2863. 16  178 Mes<e 15 = F
68  0 Mes<e 6
17816 11 Mes<e 2
Mes<eeW keâes veerÛes mes Thej kesâ ›eâce cesW efueKeves hej = 647
1116  0 Mes<e 11 = B
(423)10  (647)10 ......(i)
 (2863)10  (B2F)16 ....(i)
leLee efYevveebkeâ Yeeie (0.03125)10 keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve leLee efYevveebkeâ Yeeie (0.225)10 keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue heefjJele&ve
0.03125  8  0.250 hetCeeËkeâ 0
0.225 16  3.6 hetCeeËkeâ 3
0.250 8  2.00 hetCeeËkeâ 2
0.6 16  9.6 hetCeeËkeâ 9
 (0.03125)10  (0.02)8................................(ii )
 (0.225)10  (0.39)16 ....(ii )
meceer (i) Je (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej
meceer (i) Jee (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej
(423.03125)10  (647.02)8
(2863.225)10  (B2F.39)16
(v) oMeceueJe (hetCeeËkeâ) keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve
(Conversion of Decimal Integer into Hexa-Decimal) 2. yeeFvejer keâe DevÙe mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW ceW heefjJele&ve
oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW yeoueves keâer efJeefOe "erkeâ Gmeer Øekeâej (Conversion of Binary Number System to
nesleer nw, efpeme Øekeâej oMeceueJe mebKÙee keâes yeeFvejer ceW yeoueves keâer nesleer nw~ other Number System)
Devlej kesâJeue Ùener neslee nw efkeâ FmeceW 2 keâer peien 16 mes yeej-yeej Yeeie
(i) yeeFvejer (hetCeeËkeâ) keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve
osles nQ~
(Conversion of Binary Integer into Decimal)
(vi) oMeceueJe (efYevveebkeâ) keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve
(Conversion of Decimal Fraction into Hexa-decimal) efkeâmeer yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes oMeceueJe ØeCeeueer ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS
oMeceueJe (efYevveebkeâ) keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele nce ØelÙeskeâ efyeš keâes Gvekesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve mes iegCee keâjkesâ peesÌ[ osles nQ~ Øeehle
mšshme keâe DevegmejCe keâjvee ÛeeefnS mebKÙee ner yeeFvejer keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve neslee nw~

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(ii) yeeFvejer (efYevveebkeâ) keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve (iii) yeeFvejer (hetCeeËkeâ) keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve
(Conversion of Binary Fraction into Decimal) (Conversion of Binary Integer into Octal)
yeeFvejer efyevog mes henues DeLee&led hetCeeËkeâ (Integer) kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve oeFË ÛetBefkeâ, yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâe DeeOeej 2 leLee Dee@keäšue mebKÙee keâe DeeOeej 8
Deesj mes oMeceueJe ceW ›eâceMe: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 Deeefo nesles nQ leLee neslee nw Deewj nce peeveles nQ,
yeeFvejer efyevog mes oeFË Deesj DeLee&led efYevveebkeâ (Fraction) keâer efyešeW kesâ
8  2  2  2  23
mLeeveerÙe ceeve ›eâceMe: 21,22,23..............Deeefo nesles nQ
FmeefueS, ØelÙeskeâ Dee@keäšue Debkeâ keâes leerve yeeFvejer Debkeâes DeLee&led efyešeW ceW
DeLee&led 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625 Deeefo~ yeoue mekeâles nQ Deewj ueieeleej 3 efyešeW kesâ ØelÙeskeâ mecetn keâes Skeâ Dee@keäšue
GoenjCe kesâ efueS mebKÙee ceW yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~ yeeFvejer keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve kesâ efueS
yeeFvejer mebKÙee (1001101.01101)2 keâe oMeceueJe ceW yeouevee efvecveefueefKele metÛeer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
1001101 0.01101 Dee@keäšue Debkeâ yeeFvejer Debkeâ
  0 000
hetCeekeâ
b& efYevveebkeâ 1 001
hetCeeËkeâ Yeeie 1001101 keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve 2 010
DebkeâesW mLeeveerÙe ceeve (oeFË yeeFvejer mebKÙee kesâ 3 011
mebkesâle ceeve
kesâ ceeve mes yeeFË efoMee ceW) Debkeâes keâe ceeve 4 100
1001101 5 101
11  1 6 110
1 20  1
7 111
0 21  2 02  0
Fme metÛeer keâer meneÙelee mes efkeâmeer Yeer yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes mejuelee mes
1 2 4
2 1 4  4 Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele mšshme keâe
DevegmejCe keâjvee ÛeeefnS
1 23  8 1 8  8
mšshe 1 oer ieF& yeeFvejer mebKÙee kesâ oeF& Deesj mes leerve-leerve efyešeW kesâ mecetn
0 24  16 0 16  80 yeveeles nQ~
0 25  32 0  32  0 mšshe 2 DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ves hej meyemes yeeFË Deesj leerve efyeš keâe mecetn hetje
keâjves kesâ efueS MetvÙe Debkeâ yeÌ{eS pee mekeâles nQ~
1 26  64 1  64  64
mšshe 3 lelheMÛeeled ØelÙeskeâ mecetn kesâ Devegmeej Dee@keäšue Debkeâ keâe ceeve jKeles
Ùeesie 77 nQ~
 (1001101)2  (77)10 ....(i) (iv) yeeFvejer (efYevveebkeâ) keâe Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve
leLee efYevveebkeâ Yeeie 0.01101 keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve (Conversion of Binary Fraction into Octal)
yeeFvejer (efYevveebkeâ) keâes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS Thej oer ieF&
0.01101  0  21  1 22  1 23  0  24  1 25
meejCeer keâe ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele mšshme keâe
1 1 1
 0  0 DevegmejCe keâjs
4 8 32
mšshe 1 oer ieF& mebKÙee ceW yeeFvejer efyevog kesâ yeeFË Deesj mes leerve-leerve efyešeW
 0  0.25  0.125  0  0.03125
kesâ mecetn yeveeles nQ~
 (0.40625)10
mšshe 2 DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ves hej meyemes oeFË Deesj MetvÙe Debkeâ yeÌ{eS pee
 (0.01101)2  (0.40625)10 .....(ii) mekeâles nQ~
meceer (i) Je (ii) keâes peesÌ[ves hej mšshe 3 lelheMÛeeled ØelÙeskeâ mecetn kesâ Devegmeej Dee@keäšue Debkeâ keâe ceeve jKeles
(1001101.01101)2  (77.40625)10 nQ~

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 GoenjCe kesâ efueS Fme metÛeer keâer meneÙelee mes efkeâmeer Yeer yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes mejuelee mes nskeämee-
yeeFvejer mebKÙee (1110111001.1000011)2 keâe Dee@keäšue ceW [smeerceue ceW heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele mšshme keâe
DevegmejCe keâjW
heefjJele&ve
mšshe 1 oer ieF& yeeFvejer mebKÙee kesâ oeFË Deesj mes Ûeej-Ûeej efyešeW kesâ mecetn
leerve efyešeW keâe mecetn leerve efyešeW keâe mecetn yeveeles nQ~
hetje keâjves kesâ efueS hetje keâjves kesâ efueS
  mšshe 2 DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ves hej meyemes yeeFË Deesj MetvÙe Debkeâ yeÌ{eS pee
00
1 110  111  001
 . 100
 001 1 00 mekeâles nQ~
1 6 7 1 4 1 4
mšshe 3 lelheMÛeeled ØelÙeskeâ mecetn kesâ Devegmeej nskeämee-[smeerceue keâe ceeve
 (1110111001.100001100)2  (1671.414)8 jKeles nQ~
(V) yeeFvejer (hetCeeËkeâ) keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve (vi) yeeFvejer (efYevveebkeâ) keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve
(Conversions of Binary Integer to (Conversion of Binary Fraction to
Hexadecimal)
Hexadecimal)
yeeFvejer (efYevveebkeâ) keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW heefjJefle&ve keâjves kesâ efueS Thej oer
ÛetBefkeâ, yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâe DeeOeej 2 neslee nw leLee nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee
ieF& meejCeer-2 keâe ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele
keâe DeeOeej 16 neslee nw Deewj nce peeveles nQ mšshme keâe DevegmejCe keâjW
16  2  2  2  2  24 mšshe 1 oer ieF& mebKÙee kesâ yeeF& Deesj mes (yeeFvejer efyevog kesâ legjvle yeeo)
Dele: ØelÙeskeâ nskeämee-[smeerceue Debkeâ keâes Ûeej yeeFvejer Debkeâes DeLee&led efyešeW ceW Ûeej-Ûeej efyešeW kesâ mecetn yeveeles nQ~
yeoue mekeâles nQ Deewj ueieeleej Ûeej efyešeW kesâ ØelÙeskeâ mecetn keâes Skeâ nskeämee- mšshe 2 DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ves hej meyemes oeFË Deesj MetvÙe Debkeâ yeÌ{eS pee
[smeerceue mebKÙee ceW yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~ yeeFvejer nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW mekeâles nQ~
heefjJele&ve kesâ efueS efvecveefueefKele metÛeer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemeceW mšshe 3 lelheMÛeeled ØelÙeskeâ mecetn kesâ Devegmeej nskeämee-[smeerceue keâe ceeve
meYeer nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej 4 yeeFvejer Debkeâ efoS ieS nQ jKeles nQ~
nskeämee-[smeerceue Debkeâ yeeFvejer Debkeâ GonejCe kesâ efueS
yeeFvejer mebKÙee (110011011101.10110011)2 keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue
0 0000
ceW heefjJele&ve
1 0001
1100
 1101  1101  . 1011  0011 
2 0010
3 0011 12 = C 13 = D 13 = D 11 = B 3
4 0100  (110011011101.10110011)2  (CDD.B3)16
5 0101 veesš yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue Ùee Dee@keäšue ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS henues
6 0110 FvnW [smeerceue mebKÙee ceW yeouekeâj efHeâj nskeämee-[smeerceue Ùee Dee@keäšue mebKÙee
7 0111 ceW yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~
8 1000 3. Dee@keäšue keâe DevÙe mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW ceW heefjJele&ve
9 1001 (Conversion of Octal to Other Number
A 1010 Systems)
B 1011 (i) Dee@keäšue (hetCeeËkeâ) keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve
C 1100 (Conversion of Octal Integer to Decimal)
D 1101 Ùes efJeefOe Yeer "erkeâ Gmeer Øekeâej nesleer nw, efpeme Øekeâej yeeFvejer keâe oMeceueJe
E 1110 ceW heefjJele&ve~ FmeceW 2 keâer peien 8 kesâ Debkeâ kesâ yeÌ{les ngS ›eâce ceW iegCee
F 1111 keâjles nQ~

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(ii) Dee@keäšue (efYevveebkeâ) keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve veesš Dee@keäšue keâes yeeFvejer ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS oer ieF& mebKÙee keâes henues
(Conversion of Octal Fraction to Decimal) oMeceueJe mebKÙee ceW yeoueles nQ, efpemekesâ yeeo Gmes yeeFvejer ceW yeoue mekeâles
Dee@keäšue efyevog mes henues DeLee&led hetCeeËkeâ (Integer) ]kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve oeFË nQ~
Deesj mes oMeceueJe ceW ›eâceMe: 1, 8, 64, 512, 4096 Deeefo nesles nQ leLee (iv) Dee@keäšue mebKÙee keâe nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee ceW heefjJele&ve
oeFË Deesj DeLee&led efYevveebkeâ (Fraction) kesâ Debkeâes kesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve ›eâceMe:
(Conversion of Octal to Hexa-Decimal)
81,82 ,83,............ Deeefo nesles nQ DeLee&led 0.125, 0.015625, Dee@keäšue mebKÙee keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS
0.0019531 Deeefo~ efvecveefueefKele efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ
GoenjCe kesâ efueS Dee@keäšue mebKÙee (427.235)8 keâes oMeceueJe ceW 1. oer ieF& Dee@keäšue mebKÙee kesâ ØelÙeskeâ Debkeâ keâes yeeFvejer vecyej ceW yeoueles
yeouevee nQ~
2. hegve: Øeehle yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee ceW yeoueles nQ~
427 0.235
GoenjCe kesâ efueS (7632)8 keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee ceW yeouees~
 
7 6 3 2
hetCee&kbeâ efYevveebkeâ
   
hetCeeËkeâ Yeeie 427 keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve 111 110 011 010
DebkeâesW mLeeveerÙe ceeve (oeFË yeeFvejer mebKÙee kesâ  (7632)8  (111110011010)2
mebkesâle ceeve
kesâ ceeve mes yeeFË efoMee ceW) Debkeâes keâe ceeve 1111 1001 1010
4 2 7
7 1  7   
7 80  1
15 9 10
2 81  8 2  8  16
F 9 A
4 8  64
2 4  64  256
 (7632)8  (F9A)
Ùeesie 279 veesš Dee@keäšue keâes nskeämee-[smeerceue ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS Skeâ Deewj efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie
 (427)8  (279)10 efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, efpemeceW Dee@keäšue keâes henues oMeceueJe ceW efHeâj
leLee efYevveebkeâ Yeeie (0.235) keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve oMeceueJe mes nskeämee-[smeerceue cess heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~
0.235  2  81  3  82  5  83
4. nskeämee-[smeerceue keâe DevÙe mebKÙee heæefleÙeeW ceW
 1 1 heefjJele&ve (Conversion of Hexadecimal to
 2   3 2  5  3
8 8 8 Other Number Systems)
1 1 1 (i) nskeämee-[smeerceue keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve (Conversion
 2   3  5
8 64 512 of Hexa-Decimal into Decimal)
128  24  5 157 Ùen efJeefOe Yeer "erkeâ Gmeer Øekeâej nesleer nw, efpeme Øekeâej yeeFvejer keâe oMeceueJe
   0.306640 ceW heefjJele&ve~ FmeceW 2 keâer peien 16 kesâ Debkeâ kesâ yeÌ{les ngS ›eâce ces iegCee
`512 512
keâjles nQ~
 (427.235)8  (279.306640)10 (ueieYeie)
GoenjCe kesâ efueS nskeämee-[smeerceue (1B4) oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve
(iii) Dee@keäšue (hetCeeËkeâ) Deewj (efYevveebkeâ) keâe yeeFvejer ceW DebkeâesW mLeeveerÙe ceeve (oeFË yeeFvejer mebKÙee kesâ
mebkesâle ceeve
heefjJele&ve (Conversion of Octal (Integer) and kesâ ceeve mes yeeFË efoMee ceW) Debkeâes keâe ceeve
(fraction) into Binary) 1 B 4
4 160  1 1 4  4
Dee@keäšue keâe yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve DelÙeefOekeâ mejue nQ~ FmeceW kesâJeue
ØelÙeskeâ Dee@keäšue Debkeâ kesâ mLeeve hej Gmekesâ yejeyej leerve efyešeW keâe mecetn 11 161  16 16 11  176
efueKe osles nQ~ 1 162  256 256 1  256
GonejCe kesâ efueS Ùeesie 436
Dee@keäšue mebKÙee (325.614) keâe yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve  (1B4)16  (436)10
 (325.614)8  (011010101. 110 001100 )2 Fmeer Øekeâej nskeämee[smeerceue efYevveebkeâ keâe heefjJele&ve Yeer Gmeer Øekeâej keâj mekeâles
(325.614)8  (11010101.1100011 )2 nQ efpeme Øekeâej yeeFvejer efYevveebkeâ keâe oMeceueJe ceW heefjJele&ve keâjles nw~b hejvleg
Ùee FmeceW 2 keâer peien 16 keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~

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(ii) nskeämee-[smeerceue (hetCeeËkeâ leLee efYevveebkeâ) keâe yeeFvejer ceW BCD efmemšce ceW efkeâmeer mebKÙee kesâ Deekeâej keâer keâesF& meercee veneR nesleer nQ
heefjJele&ve (Conversion of Hexa-decimal (Integer DeLee&led mebKÙee Ûeens efkeâleveer ner yeÌ[er keäÙeeW ve nes, ØelÙeskeâ Debkeâ keâes Ûeej
efyešdme kesâ mecetn ceW keâchÙetšj ceW Øeoe|Mele keâjles nQ~
and Fraction) into Binary)
pewmes efkeâ 1 4 3 9 2 4
nskeämee-[smeerceue keâe yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve DelÙeefOekeâ mejue nw~ FmeceW kesâJeue
ØelÙeskeâ nskeämee-[smeerceue kesâ mLeeve hej Gmekesâ yejeyej Ûeej efyešeW kesâ mecetn 1 4 3 9 2 4
efueKe osles nQ~ 0001 0100 0011 1001 0010 0100

GoenjCe kesâ efueS nskeämee-[smeerceue D7A keâe yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve  (143924)10  (0001 0100 0011 1001 0010 0100)BCD

(D7A)16  (1101 01111010)2 2. Decesefjkeâve mšwC[[& keâes[ Heâe@j FvHeâe@cexMeve FCšjÛesvpe

(ASCII) (American Standard Code for
Ùee (D7A)16  (110101111010)2 Information Interchange)
Fmeer Øekeâej, nskeämee-[smeerceue (efYevveebkeâ) keâes Yeer yeeFvejer ceW yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~ mšwC[[& kewâjskeäšj keâes[ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Øees«eece Éeje [sše keâes mšesj keâjves
(iii) nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee keâe Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ceW heefjJele&ve leLee Gmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Hexa-decimal to Octal) ASCII keâes[ oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ~
nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS (i) ASCII-7 Ùen Skeâ 7-efyeš mšwC[[& keâes[ nw~ efpemekesâ keâejCe kegâue
efvecveefueefKele mšshme keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ 27  128 kewâjskeäšj keâes efve¤efhele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
mšshe 1 oer ngF& nskeämee-[smeerceue mebKÙee kesâ ØelÙeskeâ Debkeâ keâes yeeFvejer mebKÙee
(ii) ASCII-8 Ùen Skeâ 8-efyeš mšwC[[& keâes[ nw~ FmeceW 28  256
ceW yeouees~
Øekeâej kesâ kewâjskeäšj keâes efve¤efhele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Ùen ASCII-7
mšshe 2 Øeehle yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ceW yeouees~ keâe yeouee ngDee Øee¤he nQ~
GoenjCe kesâ efueS (AC2D)16 keâes Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ceW yeouees 3. SkeämešwC[s[ yeeFvejer keâes[[
s [smeerceue FCšjÛeWpe keâes[
A C 2 D
(EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal
1010 1100 0010 1101 Interchange Code)
(AC2D)16 = (1010110000101101)2
EBCDIC ceW, kewâjskeäšj 8 efyešdme kesâ mecetn mes efve¤efhele nesles nQ~ Fmekeâe
001 010 110 000 101 101
ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej kesâ keâchÙetšj ceW metÛeveeDeeW keâes mšesj keâjves kesâ efueS
1 2 6 0 5 5
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FmeceW 28  256 Øekeâej kesâ kewâjskeäšj keâes efve¤efhele efkeâÙee
 (AC2D)16  (126055)8
pee mekeâlee nw~
veesš nskeämee-[smeerceue keâes Dee@keäšue ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS Skeâ Deewj efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ efpemeceW nskeämee-[smeerceue keâes henues oMeceueJe ceW efHeâj
FvnW Yeer peeveW
oMeceueJe keâes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~  BCD efmemšce IBM keâe@heexjsMeve Éeje efJekeâefmele efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~
keâchÙetšj keâes[dme (Computer Codes)  UNICODE ceW [sše ceW efkeâmeer mebkesâle (Symbol) keâes Øemlegle keâjves kesâ
keâchÙetšj ØelÙeskeâ Øekeâej kesâ kesâjskeäšj pewmes efkeâ DeuHeâeyesš mebKÙee Ùee keâesF& efÛevn efueS 16 efyešdme keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Ùes Deb«espeer kesâ De#ejeW kesâ DeueeJee
mšesj keâj mekeâlee nw~ Fve meYeer kewâjskeäšjeW kesâ efve¤heCe (Representation) kesâ efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej keâe Jew%eeefvekeâ mebkesâle, Deveskeâ Øekeâej keâer Yee<ee pewmes efkeâ
efueS yeeFvejer mebKÙee heæefle hej DeeOeeefjle Skeâ efJeMes<e Øekeâej kesâ keâes[ keâer ÛeeFveerpe (Chinese), pewhesveerpe (Japanese) Deeefo keâes Yeer efve¤efhele keâjlee
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw, efpemes keâchÙetšj keâes[ keâne peelee nw~ nw~
keâchÙetšj keâes[dme efJeefYevve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ, efpeveceW mes kegâÚ efvecveefueefKele nQ  meeFve efyeš (Sign bit) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer mebKÙee kesâ Oeveelcekeâ (Positive)
Ùee $e+Ceelcekeâ (Negative) nesves keâe mebkesâle nw~ Ùen efyeš Most
1. yeeFvejer keâes[s[ [smeerceue (Binary Coded Decimal -
Significant Bit (MSB) efyeš keânueeleer nw leLee mebKÙee kesâ yeeFvejer
BCD) efve¤heCe ceW meyemes henueer efyeš nesleer nw~ Ùeefo efyeš 0 nw lees mebKÙee
BCD keâes[ ceW ØelÙeskeâ Debkeâ keâes Øemlegle keâjves kesâ efueS Ûeej efyešdme kesâ Oeveelcekeâ nw~ Ùeefo efyeš 1 nw lees mebKÙee $e+Ceelcekeâ nw~
mecetn keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~b Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie 0 mes 9 lekeâ keâer mebKÙee keâes Ûeej
efyešdme kesâ yeeFvejer mebKÙee ceW efve¤efhele keâjves kesâ efueS keâjles nQ~

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