negligible resistance.

No current will flow through R: So the circuit present after the short
circuit will be omitted for analysis.

3.13 MESH AND NODAL ANALYSSIS

3.13.1 Mesh Analysis

Mesh analysis is a useful technique to find the current in each branch and loop of the electric
circuit. When the network has large number of voltage sources, mesh analysis is applied.
Consider the circuit given in fig 3.16 (a). Let us find the current in each loop using mesh
method.

R R2 R3

Fig. 3.16 (a)

Steps:
(i) The given circuit consist of three individual loops, since it does not have any
crossoversS
(ii) Current direction is marked in each loop.
R R2 R3 D
M

R4

H G

Fig. 3.16 (6)

Let us assume that current flow in each loop is one direction. Generally current
direction is assumed from positive terminal of the battery. In the middle loop. we can
assume any direction for current. Regarding polarity, the current entering point in the
resistor is marked as +ve and current leaving point is marked as -ve.
(ii) Forming loop equations
By Kirchhoff's voltage law, in any loop
Sum of the voltage rise = sum of the voltage drops.
 0
R,(4,-4)
=
+
E,-1,R,
E=14R+R,( -12)
(R +R )1 -R4/2
E =

the direction ntI

the first loop, go along of
Note: While writing loop equation for Hence the current in R, s is (r
take it as negative.
any current
comes opposite
to 1,,
with respect to first loop.
Second loop: [B C F G]
Therefore the potential rise in
There is no voltage source in the second loop. in
second loop is zero.
0 1Rz + Rs(l2 - 13)+ R,(72 -1 3
0 - 1,R + (R2 + Ra + Rs)/2 - R_3
n
Note: While writing loop equation for second loop, go along the direction of
as negative. If any current flows in the sa
any current comes opposite to 1, take it
direction of I, then takes it as positive. Hence current through R, is (1,-1,) and curte
through R, is (-1,)
Third loop: [CDEF]
- E = 13R + R,(7 - 12)

E - Rl2 + (Rg + R,)/3

Note: While writing loop equation for third loop, go along the direction of
current comes opposite to I,, take it as negative. If current fiows in the same directu
1,f
, take it as positive. The current through R, is (I, + 1,) with respect to third loop.
(iv) Matrix method for solving the loop equations
Three loop equations (1), (2) and (3) can be written
in matrix from as,
E0 R +Rg - R4

R4 -

R2 + R4 +
Rs Rs 2
-E 0 - Rs
Rg+RsI
+R -R 0
4=-R R+ Ra+ Rs R
0 - Rs
R+ Rs
E -Ra
4= R2+ R+ R- Rs
L-E - Rs
Ra+ Rs
 DC Circuits 49

R+R E 0
4 -R 0 -Rg
0 -

E R+ Rs
R+R -Ra E
-R

R+ R+ R 0
-E
0 R
The loop current are given by
and

3.13.2 Nodal Analysis

vodal analysisis a useful technique to find the voltages at each node of the electric circuit. A
1ode is the meeting point of two or more branches. When the network has large umber of
urrent sources, nodal analysis is applied.

(a) Consider the circuit given in fig 3.17 (a). Let us find the node voltages using nodal
analysis
R2 R3

Fig. 3.17 (a)

Steps
() Mark the nodes. Take one of the nodes as reference node. Assume the voltages of
other nodes as V, V, V,... etc. Also mark the current directions in all the branches
and name the currents as , . . etc.

R
- V

Fig. 3.17 (b)

11) At each node, write Kirchoff's current law equations. The circuit contains three nodes
including the reference node (i.e. N 3)
50 Basic Electrical Engineering

N- 1 = 3 1 2 equations have to be written

At node 1, by Kirchoff's current law

1,-1+

R2 R4

ER R R
,R2 K
R4

RR R

At node 2, by Kirchoff's current law

+1
-E.%9
R2 R3 Rs

Ra R R R3 Rs

R3
(ii) Matrix method for solving node equations.
Equations (1) and (2) can be written in matrix form as

R2

4=| RRR Ra
 DC Circuits 51

R R
4
R, R, R,

E
R2 R
The node voltages are given by.

(b) Consider the circuit given in fig. 3.18

R
V Va
R2

Fig. 3.18
Let V, and V, be the voltage at node 1 and 2,
At node 1, by Kirchhoff's current law

I - ,y
R2 R4 Ra Ra

(1)
At node 2, by Kirchhoff's current law,

E-.
Ra R Rs

(2)
52 Basic Electrical Engineering

Equations (1) and (2) in matrix form,

R R R
11LL
R R R

| R2 R R
R R2 R R
R2

Now,

Solved Problems

Problem 1
For the circuit in the given
across figure 3.19, calculate the load current
R and power consumed by the load I, across R,, load voltage
(R,).
20
30

20V

2 R-20 25V

Solution: Fig. 3.19

Steps:
(a) Assume current
direction in each
positive terminal of the loop. Usually the current fror
battery. direction is tak n
64 Basic Electrical Engineering

Problem 18
Using mesh analysis, find mesh current in each loop given in fig 3.35.
100 200 150

200 30 Q
100V. 150V

Fig. 3.35
Solution
() Write loop equations.
For loop (1),

100 10 I +20 (,-19

100 101, +20 I -201
100 30 I -20 I
For loop (2),
(1)
0 201+ 30 (1, + 1) + 20 (1-I)
0 201 +301, +301, + 201, 201,
0
=201,+701, +301 (2)
For loop (3)
150 151,+30 (,+1,)
150 301,+45 1
ti) Arranging equations in matrix form, (3)

100 30-20 0T41

-20 70 30
150 0 30 45

30 -20 01
(iii) =|-20 70 30
0 30 45
=
30 (70 x 4530 x 30) + 20(-20 x 45)
=
30 (2250) +20 (-900) 49500
 Circuits 65

100 -20 0
0 70 30
150 30 45
=
100 (70x45 30 x 30) + 20 (-150x30)
=
100 (2250) +20 (-4500) =
13500
+

30 100 0
4= -20 0 30
150 45

3 0 (0 x 45 - 150 x 30) 100 (-20 x 45)

30 (-4500) -

100(-900) = -45000
30 -20 100
A 20 70
30 150

30 (70 x 150 30 x 0) +20 (-20 x 150)+100 (-20x30)

30 (10500) +20 (-3000) +100 (-600) = 195000
(iv) The current values are

135000
=2.73 A
49500

-45000
-0.909 A
49500

3.941950003.94
49500
A
(v) Verification of Answers:
Substitute the values of I, 1, and 1, in equation (2)
0 -20 1,+ 701, + 301,
= -20 x 2.73 70 X (0.909) + 30 x 3.940

Problem 19
In the circuit given in fig 3.36, obtain the load current 1, and power consumed by R
66 Basic Electrical Engineering
50
30
20

40

200v 100V
Load R
100

Fig. 3.36 (a)

Solution:
Load current I, can be found by using mesh method.
) Assume current direction
20 30 50

200 v
40
Load R
100V 100

Fig. 3.36 (b)

i) Current
4
(ii) Loop equations in matrix form
200-100 2 0
100 03+4 -4
0 4 5+10+4||13]

100 2 0 01
100=0 7 -4|
o lo -4
19|
2 0 01
(iv) 4=0 7-4
0-4 19
2 (7 x 19-(-4x - 4) = 234
 DC Circuis 67

0 100
0 7 100
0 -4 0
2 (7 x 0+ 4 x 100)+ 100 (0) = 800

Load current 800

() = 3.418 A
234
Power consumed by R = xR

= 3.418x10
= 116.9 watts

Problem 20
In the following circuit, find the values of E and I for the circuit shown in fig 3.37(a).
20 20

2A
E

20
60 A

Fig. 3.37(a)
Solution:
This problem is solved by applying nodal analysis. The circuit consists of two nodes and one
reference node. Assume node voltages as V, and V, and also assume the currents direction.

V, V
20 20

2A
E

20
6.

Fig. 3.37 (6)

From circuit, 4 x 2 = 8V
V, =

By KCL,
 68 Basic Electrical Engineering

At Node 1,
E- .y-%
2

..2

0.5E =
V (1.167) -

0.5 V2
At Node 2,

0-...%..%.v,
0-0.5V+ 1.25 V
Substituting V, =
8V in equation (2).
0 -0.5 V, + 1.25 xx8
0.5 V, = 10
V, 20V
From equation (1)

0.5E 20 x 1.167 0.5 x 8

E 38.68 V

Current= E-V 38.68-20

A
Problem 21
Using nodal analysis, înd all node
voltages in the given fig 3.38.
10.2
200 150

100V 202
300
150V

Solution: Fig. 3.38

() No. of nodes in the
given circuit is 3
and 2. Node voltages are assumed as V, including
and V,. The directions
reference of branch currentsked
node. a a
Nodes
assumed.
are marked a
 DC Circuits 69

100 200 150

2

100 V 200 300

150V

(i) Node equations

At node 1
100- ,%-%
-

10 20 20

100 V,K_V
10 10 20 20 20
10- L,y_K
10 20 20 20
10 =
0.2V -0.05 V2 (1)
At node 2

V-2.150-V, 0
20 15 30

h,150+-=0
150 hh
15 20 15 30
10 0.05V0.15 V2 (2)
(ii) Equations in matrix form
10 0.2 -0.05V]
10-0.05 0.15V
0.2 -0.0
0.2 x 0.15 -

0.05 x 0.05 =0.0275

(iv) -0.05 0.15

10-0.0|= 10 x0.15+ 10 0.05 = 2 x

10 0.15
0.2 10 = 0.2 x 10+ 10 x 0.05 = 2.5
4-0.05 10
(v)The voltages are given as
2.5
- =91 V
-752.7W- 0.0275
0.0275
 70 Basic Electrical Engineering

Problem 22 fig 3.39.

in the given
find all node voltages
Using nodal analysis, 150
2000
100

300
200 150V
10A

Fig. 3.39

Solution:
(i) Mark the node voltages and currents.
150
100 200
W

200 300
10A 150V

(ii) Directly write node equations in matrix form

Hint: Element which is series with the current source should be ignored]

1020 20 20

20 30 15J

100.1-0.05|
1o-0.05 o.15
d= O. -0.05
-0.05 0.15 |=
(i) 0.1 0.15 0.05
0.05 =0.0125
x -

10 -0.05
A10
4 1 0 0.1s = 10 x 0.15+ 10 x 0.05 2
0.15
0.1 10
4 0.1 10 +10
-0.05 10
=
x x 0.05 1.5
(iv) Voltages
2
V 160V,V,: ==_1.5
4 0.0125= 120 V
4 0.0125