University of Palestine

COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND URBAN PLAINING

Electrical Machine & Control Systems

Lecture #4
Review

Eng. Mohammed A. Timraz

 Review
– Basic Electric Quantities (V, I, P, Q, f)
– Phasor Representation
– Complex Arithmetic

– Three Phase Power System

– Electrical Network Analysis Basic Electric Circuits

– Basic Electrical Theorems (KVL, KCL)

– AC Network Analysis

– Power Factor
 Techniques of Circuit Analysis
So far we have analyzed relatively simple resistive circuits by applying
KVL and KCL in combination with Ohm’s law.
R
1
Applying KVL and Ohm’s law, we have,
i
s
R
v  iR  iR  iR  0
+ s 1 2 3
v -
2
s

Solving for i , we have,

R
v
s
3 i 
R  R  R
1 2 3

However as circuit become more complicated and involve more elements, this
direct method become cumbersome.
However as circuit become more complicated and involve more
elements, this direct method become cumbersome .
R R
1 2

Node-Voltage Method or R R
7 8

Nodal Analysis v + R
6
R
3 R
s - 7

Mesh-Current Method or
Mesh Analysis

In addition to these method we will develop other method such as

source transformations, Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit.
Planar Circuit : a circuit that can be drawn on a plane with no
crossing branches as shown
R R
1 2

R R
7 8

+ R R
v -
6 3
s

R R
5 4

The circuit shown can be redrawn which is equivalent

to the above circuit

R R
1 2

R R
Planar Circuit
7 8
R R
v + 6 3 R
s - 7
The circuit shown is non planar circuit because it can not be
redrawn to make it planar the circuit

R R R
1 2 9

R R R
7 8 11

+ R R
v -
6 3
s

R
12

R R R
4 10
5
 Describing a Circuit – The vocabulary

Consider the following circuit

A point where two or more circuit elements join a

Node
A node where three or more circuit elements join b
Essential node

path A trace of adjoining basic elements with no elements v 1  R1  R 5  R 6

included
branch A path that connects two nodes R1
Essential branch A path that connects two essential nodes without v 1  R1
passing through an essential node
loop A path whose last node is the same as the v 1  R1  R 5  R 6  R 4 v 2
starting node
mesh A loop that does not enclose any other loops v 1  R1  R 5  R 3  R 2
Planar Circuit A circuit that can be drawn on a plane with no
crossing branches
 Example 1: For the circuit identify the following :
(a)All nodes ? (b) The essential nodes ? (c) All branches?
(d) All essential branches ? (e) All meshes ?
(f) Two paths that are not loops or essential branches ?
(g) Two loops that are not meshes ?
(a) All nodes ?

The nodes are a, b, c, d, e, f and g

(b) The essential nodes ?
A node where three or more circuit elements join

The essential nodes are b, c, e and g

(c) All branches ?
A path that connects two nodes

The branches are

v 1 , v 2 , R1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and I
(d) All essential branches ?
A path that connects two essential nodes without passing through an
essential node

The essential branches are

v 1  R1 R 2  R3 v 2  R4 R5 R6 R7 I
 (e) All meshes ?

The meshes are

v 1  R1  R 5  R 3  R 2 v 2  R 2  R 3  R 6  R 4 R 5  R 7  R 6 R 7  I
(f) Two paths that are not loops or essential branches ?

R1  R 5  R 6 is a paths , but it is not a loop because it does not have the same
starting and ending nodes

Nor is it an essential branch because it does not connect two essential

nodes
v 2  R2 Is a paths that are not loop or essential branches ?
 (g) Two loops that are not meshes ?

v 1  R1  R 5  R 6  R 4  v 2
is a loop , but it is not a mesh because there are two loops within it

I  R5  R6 is a loop , but it is not a mesh because there are two loops within it
 Simultaneous Equations- How many
Let the circuit as shown

There are nine branches in which the current is unknown

Note that the current I is known

 i1 i2
i9
i6
i7 i3
i8 i4

i5
Since there are nine unknown current Therefore we need nine independent equations

Since there are 7 nodes There will be 6 independent KCL equations since the
7th one can be written in terms of the 6 equations

We still need 3 more equations They will come from KVL around three meshes
or loops
Note the meshe or loop we apply KVL around should not contain the current source I
since we do not know the voltage across it
 i1 i2
i9
i6
i7 i3
i8 i4

i5
Since KCL at the non essential (connecting two circuit elements only) like a , d , f
will have the following results

i 9  i1 i3  i7 i5  i8
Therefore we have 6 currents and 4 essential nodes (connecting three or more circuit
elements) like b, c, e, g
 Therefore

i1 i2

i6
i3
i4

i5
Applying KCL to 3 of the 4 essential nodes since KCL on the 4th node will have an
equation that is not independent but rather can be derived from the 3 KCL equations
Applying KCL to the essential nodes b, c, and e ( we could have selected any three
essential nodes) we have

KCL at node b we have i 1  i 2  i 6  I  0

KCL at node c we have i1  i 3  i 5  0
KCL at node e we have i3  i4  i2  0
Which is a linear combination
Note applying KCL on node g i5  i4  i6  I 0 of the other KCL’s
 i1 i2
i6

i3
i4

i5
Therefore the remaining 3 equations will be derived from KVL around 3 meshes

Since there are 4 meshes only, we will use the three meshes with out the current source

KVL around mesh 1 R 1i 1  R 5i 2  ( R 2  R 3 )i 3 v 1  0

KVL around mesh 2 ( R 2  R 3 )i 3  R 6i 4  R 4i 5 v 2 0

KVL around mesh 2  R 5i 2  R 7 i 6  R 6i 4  0

 i1
i2 i6

i3
i4

i5
KCL Equations

i 1  i 2  i 6  I  0
i1  i 3  i 5  0
6 equations and 6 unknown
i3  i4  i2  0 which can be solved for the
KVL Equations currents
R 1i 1  R 5i 2  ( R 2  R 3 )i 3 v 1  0 i1, i 2 , i 3 , i 4 , i 6
( R 2  R 3 )i 3  R 6i 4  R 4i 5 v 2 0

 R 5i 2  R 7 i 6  R 6i 4  0
 Node-Voltage Method
Nodal analysis provide a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages
as the circuit variables

Node-Voltage Method is applicable to both planar and nonplanar circuits

Using the circuit shown, we can summarize the node-voltage methods as shown
next :
1 W 2 W

+ 5 W 10 W
10 V - 2 A
 1 W 1 2 W 2

+ 5 W 10 W
10 V - 2 A

3 3

Step 1 identify all essentials nodes Do not select the non essentials nodes

Step 2 select one of the essentials nodes ( 1, 2, or 3) as a reference node

Although the choice is arbitrary the choice for the reference node is were most of
branches, example node 3

Selecting the reference node will become apparent as you gain experience using
this method (i,.e, solving problems)
 1 W v1 2 W v2

 
10 V
+
-
5 W
v1 10 W
v2 2 A

 

A node voltage is defined as the voltage rise from the reference node to a nonreference node

Step 3 label all nonrefrence essentials nodes with alphabetical label as v1, v2…

Step 4 write KCL equation on all labels nonrefrence nodes as shown next
 1 W v1 2 W v2

 
i1 i2
10 V
+
-
5 W
v1 10 W
v2 2 A

i3
 

KCL at node 1 i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 Let us find i1 , i2 , i3

v 1  10
By applying KVL (1)i 1  10 v 1  0 i1 
(1)
v 1 v 2
KVL on the middle mesh, we have v 1  (2)i 2  v 2  0 i2 
2
v1
similarly v 1  0  (5)i 3 i3 
(5)
 10 1 W v1 2 W v2

 
i1 i2
10 V
+
-
5 W
v1 10 W
v2 2 A

i3
 

Therefore i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 We have

v 1  10 v 1 v 2 v1
+ + = 0
1 2 5
If we look at this KCL equation, we see that the current we notice that the potential at the
left side of the 1 W resistor which is tied to the + of the 10 V source is 10 V because
the – is tied to the reference
 10 1 W v1 2 W v2

i1 i2
5 W

v 1  10
i1  i3
1
v 1 v 2
i2 
2
v
i3  1
5
Therefore we can write KCL at node 1 without doing KVL’s as we did previously

v 1  10 v 1 v 2 v1 0
+ + =
1 2 5
Similarly

v1 2 W v2

i1 i3
10 W 2 A

i2

v 2 v 1 v2
+ 2 = 0
KCL at node 2 2 10
 10 1 W v1 2 W v2

+ 5 W 10 W
10 V - 2 A

v 1  10 v 1 v 2 v1 0
+ + =
1 2 5
v 2 v 1 v2
+ 2 = 0
2 10

Two equations and two unknowns namely v 1 , v2 we can solve and have

100 120
v1   9.09 V v2   10.91 V
11 11