(EC.dac.1.

sqproj)
DAC with R-2R ladder network
R

R R R

2R 2R
2R 2R 2R

S,V VR S,VR S,VR

network.
Figure 1: DAC using R-2R ladder

circuit shown in Fig. 1, R= R = 10k, and Vr= 5 V. The digital

Question: In the DAC
the
the variables S3. S2. S1, S). with Ss as the MSB and S as

nput number is represented by

Find V, if S1 is 1 and S3. S2.
LSB. The voltage at node Ak is Vr if Sk =1 and 0 Votherwise.
So are all10.
Solution:
network with its Thevenin equivalent circuit, as showi
To obtain Vo, we will replace the R-2R
is shown in
of the Thevenin resistance and Thevenin voltage
in Fig. 2. The computation
theoren has been made to
where repeated use of Thevenin's
Figs. 3 and 4, respectively,
simplify the circuit systematically.

R R R

2R 2R 2R 2 2R 2 2R RTh

VTn
SoVR SVR TS,Va S,V

of R-2R ladder with Thevenin cquivalent circuit.

Figure 2: Representation

network in the original DAC circuit of Fig. 1 with its Thevenin

Finally, we replace the R-2R
Fig. 5. This circuit is sinply an inverting
obtain the circuit shown in
equivalent circuit and
amplifier, and the output voltage given by
is

VR (1)
V VTh = =
-0.625 V.
 R R R
2R
2R 2R 2R 2R

R R
RS 2R 2R 2R

ww
R
R
2R 2R

R
2R RTh R
R

for the R-2R ladder network.

Figure 3: Thevenin resistance calculation

since R and R are equal.

SequelApp Exercises: Answer the following and verify using SequelApp

numbers.
1. Find V, for the following input binary

(a) SsS2S1So= 1000.

(b) S3S2S1S%=0100.

(c) S3S2S1 S0 =0001.

numbers
superposition, find V, for the following input binary
2. Using

1001
(a) S352S,So
=

(b) S3S2SS0=1010.

will give the lollowiug outputs.

numbers (S3S2S1 So) wlhich
3. Find the input binary

(a) V.=-1.875 V.
(b) V=-1.5625 V.
2
 R R R

2R 2R
2R 2R 2R

R R

2R 2R
2R 2R

R R
W-

R 2R 2R

Rg 2R
VTh -

Figure 4: Thevenin voltage calculation for the R-2R ladder network.

3
 R R

R R R RTh

2R 2R 2R 2R 2R VT
S,VR SVR SVR SVR

circuit with R-2R ladder network replaced with its Thevenin equivalent
Figure 5: Original DAC
circuit.