Dispersion of Matter in Non-Newtonian Laminar Flow Through a Circular Tube

Author(s): L. T. Fan and C. B. Wang

Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical
Sciences, Vol. 292, No. 1429 (May 17, 1966), pp. 203-208
Published by: Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2415712
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 Dispersion of matter in non-Newtonian laminar flow
through a circular tubet
BY L. T. FAN AND C. B. WANG
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kan8a8 State Univer8ity,
Manhattan, Kan8a8

(Communicated by Sir Geoffrey Taylor, F.R.S.-Received 24 June 1965-

Revi8ed 5 November 1965)
Taylor's analyses of the dispersion of Newtonian fluids in laminar flow in a circular tube
are extended to the flow of the Bingham plastic and Ellis model fluid. The previous results
for the Newtonian fluid and power-low fluid can be deduced from the results of this work.
It is indicated that Aris's modification of Taylor's analyses can be naturally applied to the
non-Newtonian fluid. Results obtained for laminar flow between two parallel plane walls
are given in the appendix.
1. INTRODUCTION
In a series of three papers, Taylor (I953, I954a, b) has discussed the dispersion of
soluble matter in a fluid flowing in a straight circular tube. He has found that,
when the flow is laminar, the solute can be regarded as dispersing along the tube
with an apparent diffusion coefficient R2VT72/48D. R is the radius of the pipe aiid D
the molecular diffusion coefficient. Taylor (I954b) has also shown that the conditions
under which his analysis is valid can be expressed as 4L/R > VR1/D > 6-9.
In extending Taylor's analysis Aris (I956) has shown that the rate of growth
of the variance of the distribution of solute is proportional to the sum of the mole-
cular diffusion coefficient and the Taylor diffusion coefficient, while the restriction
imposed by Taylor can be removed.
It can be anticipated that Taylor's and Aris's analyses can be extended to include
the dispersion of soluble matter in non-Newtonian flow systems. Fan & Hwang
(I965) have considered the dispersion of a solute accompanying the flow of the
Ostwald-de Waele fluid. The purpose of the present work is to analyse the dispersion
of a solute accompanying the flow of the Bingham plastic and the Ellis model fluid.

2. THE BINGHAM PLASTIC

The shear-stress and shear-rate relation which describes the behaviour of the
Bingham plastic fluid is (Bird, Steward & Lightfoot I962)
dJ_
Trx=j10od+TrrxT,
frx = 0 if Trx < To,
dr
which gives the velocity distribution across a cross section as

v = V2[1- (rlR_ 0)2] for r > ro) (2)

Vx=V. for r r0, J

t This work was partially supported by NSF Grant GK-67.
[ 203 ] I3-2

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204 L. T. Fan and C. B. Wang
where rois the radius of the plug flow region, defined by ro = 2LTr/AP and 60 = ro/R.
The average velocity Txover the cross section is then

Vx = M
6(3+2\O60 m = (3)

3. THE ELLIS MODELFLUID

The shear-stress and shear-rate relation of the Ellis model fluid is characterized
by (Bird et al. I962)

-dx = (00 + 01rTn-1)TrX, (4)

where 00, 01, and n are adjustable positive parameters. This relation gives the
at radius r in a circular tube of diameter 2R as
velocity VT,

Vx = Vm [l-(R) + Vm2 [1() g*(5)

The maximum velocity Tmoccurs at r = 0 and has the value

Ym =Vml + Vm2

(-A>Po?2(AP
AP__ __R2 ___p nqS1lRn+'
+1(6)
(2L )2 +(2L )nX+1*(6
From (5) the mean velocity Vxmay be found as

+ 1
vx =~~~~
12vml+n + 3 Vm2 (7)
(

4. THE EQUATIONOF DIFFUSION IN A CIRCULARTUBE

With the assumption that C, the concentration of a solute is a function of r, x
and t only, the diffusion equation can be written as

-+ V---Ox D I +--+_
At A D r2 r Or+X2)' (8)

where D, the molecular diffusion coefficient, is assumed to be independent of C.

It will also be considered that a2C/Ix2 is negligible compared with
02C 1 C
Or2+ r Or

With definitions of the following dimensionless quantities

0 = t/t-=tTxIL, 6= r/R, y=x/L,
WC DtItoGCWI Tc I&J\
(8) becomes AC,)D (9)

The boundary conditions are

WC/1= 0 at 6= 1 and 6= 0. (10)

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 Non-Newtonian fluids in laminar flow in circular tube 205

5. EFFECT OF APPLYING TAYLOR'S LIMITINGCONDITION

TO THE BINGHAM PLASTIC
It is convenient to consider the convection across a plane which moves with the
mean speed of flow. Relative to the plane, the fluid velocity VTlis

EA= a(l-6)2 for (11)

=V--1 for 6 < 60J

and (9) becomes
- 1)-(-' fo
(C -{l 0)2]Q-
ao = R2 (@62 +6 06) [a a 01-go)2] (ay,) ! (12)
Df /02C I1WC tI\ j%0\fo
I + I- foI I,
R2 \62 6 /6 ( ay,
)9YiI
0

Here CI/OO is the derivative following the mean speed of flow. Since the moving
coordinates have been introduced, and if Taylor's limiting condition is considered
to be satisfied, the partial equilibrium may be assumed over any cross-section and
the small radial variation in C can be calculated from

62+ =D t [a -1- (I1-o)2_ ay, (13)

D= ( ) a) for6 < 60
where (aC/ayl) may be taken as independent of 6. The solution of (13) which satisfies
the boundary conditions given in (10) is

R2 :
C =CO+ +2(1- 0)2 D-[[(4-3 g
016)6
1 2 g) 2 4o3

, for 6> 60
-164+13 40 -6o4In(6160)] a) (14)

C o+ 23(1 ) + 2-1 f 40 ) for 6 <,60,|

where COis the value of C at 6 = 0.

The volumetric rate at which C is transported across a section is

Q = 27TR2f CVxl d6. (15)

Inserting the values of C and Vxlfrom (14) and (11), we find Q to be

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206 L. T. Fan and C. B. Wang
Comparing this with Fick's law of diffusion, it is seen that Cm is dispersed relative
to a plane which moves with the mean speed of flow and with an effective dispersion
coefficient R2V2
K =2(+2f
+
+6z2)--(-6)4
(1 0)D[ [84345 +
15602 + 604 - 2 58C5
2(3 260)
- 366 + 867-5 29608+ 16010 - l0n 60]
-kRB2V2/D. (17)

Two special cases may be used to verify the given expression of K for the Bingham
plastic, that is K = 2?2Vx/48D for 60 = 0,

and K ->O as 60 1.

This shows that K for the Newtonian laminar flow is recovered when 60 = 0 and
K for the slug flow recovered when 60 -- 1. Since the longitudinal molecular diffusion
in the flow direction has already been neglected, the condition of 60 1 corresponds
to the slug flow.

6. EFFECT OF APPLYING TAYLOR' S LIMITING CONDITION

TO THE ELLIS MODEL FLUID
Relative to the plane which moves with the mean speed of flow, the velocity
distribution of the Ellis model fluid is

Jl=JM [2- 62]?7m2[_n+,l (18)

and the governing diffusion equation becomes

aCDt1DJ)
(2C 1[v (1 2) v(2 n?)( ) (19)
Fm2
ao _R2 \84; 4; 4J m2n+3 / ay,/
The distribution of C in the case when a/CaO= 0 and (WJ/eayl)is independent of
6 is found to be

C= C +~D V[v - -64)+ V (2162-n+36+3 a) (20)

The rate of transfer of C across a cross section is given by (15) and inserting the
values of C and Vxlfrom (20) and (18) into (15), it is found that

9_R4 V2 (n+1)2 v2 (n+l)(n+ll) V V1aCn

Q=-DL L92m 2(n+3(n+5) 12(n+3)(n+5)(n+7) m
(21)

Comparing this with Fick's law of diffusion, we find that C, is dispersed relative
to the plane moving with the mean speed of flow with an effective dispersion co-
efficient
K D [ 1 21 + (n+ 1)2 Vm2+ (n?1) (n+1 T1T] ) *(22)

DL 2(n +3)3(n +5) 12(n?+3) (n?s ) (n?7+ v2

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 Non-Newtonian fluids in laminar flow in circular tube 207
For the case when Vn2= 0, the Ellis model fluid reduces to the Newtonian fluid
and the effective dispersion coefficient becomes that obtained for the Newtonian
laminar flow. When Vml= 0, that is, for the Ostwald-de Waele fluid the effective
dispersion coefficientreduces to
K 1 R2V R2V (23)
2(n+3)(n+5) D D (3
which has been obtained by Fan & Hwang (I965).

7. MODIFICATION BY ARIS's APPROACH

The approach suggested by Aris (I956) can be extended to non-Newtonian

systems. His analysis calculates the moments of a distribution in terms of their
respective parameters and then compares the moments with the axial-dispersed
slug-flow model to find the relationship between parameters. His analysis for the
laminar flow is valid regardlessof the shape of the velocity distribution. Therefore
the direct application of his analysis to the non-Newtonian flow yields
D+kR2F2/D = K, (24)

where the effective diffusion coefficient K is defined as the sum of the molecular
diffusion coefficient, D, and the apparent diffusion coefficient kR2V/D, while the
restrictions which are imposed on Taylor's analysis are removed. The values of
k for the Bingham plastic, the Ellis model fluid and the Ostwald-de Waele fluid
are given by (17), (22),and (23) respectively.

APPENDIX. EFFECTIVE DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOW BETWEEN

INFINITELY EXTENDED PARALLEL PLANE WALLS WITH SEPARATION OF 28
(a) Binghamplastic
2 82V2
282V2xx
K = 15(1? ?_6 1)
(26 D =k * (A1)

The case of 0 = 0 correspondsto the Newtonian fluid, and (A 1) becomes

K = 2 (SCD
x2 J
(A2)

which has been obtained by Wooding (I960).

(b) Ellis modelfluid

82
_S 8 + 2(n+1)2 2
+ 4(n+1)(n+9)
K=D 94 5 T72,
ml3(n + 2)2 (n + 4) (2n + 5) m2 +45(n + 2) (n + 4) (n + 6) TV7
ml m2/
(A3)
For the case when Vm2=0, the Ellis model reduces to the Newtonian case and the
apparentdispersioncoefficientbecomesthat given in (A2). In the case when Vml= 0,

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208 L. T. Fan and C. B. Wang
it correspondsto that for the Ostwald-de Waele fluid, and the apparentdispersion
coefficientreduces to
K 22 2172x k 2V2
=2z
xz _
(A4)
3(n 4) (2n + 5) D D (A)
Tx,T. and Vm..2
are related by
n+2

REFERENCES

Aris, R. I956 Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 235, 67.

Bird, R. B., Steward, W. E. & Lightfoot, R.N. i962 Transport phenomena,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fan, L. T. & Hwang, W. S. I965 Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 283, 576.
Taylor, Sir Geoffrey 1953 Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 219, 186.
Taylor, Sir Geoffrey I954a Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 223, 446.
Taylor, Sir Geoffrey I954b Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 225, 473.
Wooding, R. A. I960 J. Fluid Mech. 7, 501.

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