SHS

STEM

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2- Week 2 (Module 8)
Ways of Expressing Concentration
of Solutions
General Chemistry 2 (SHS-STEM)
Quarter 2 – Week 2 (Module 8): Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Richelle N. Cheungcun

Vivian L. Reyes

Editors/: Arlen B. Bertiz

Reviewers Agnes B. Barsaga
Ronaldo C. Reyes
Noel V. Ibis

Language Editor: Laarnie G. Balin

 Use different ways of expressing
concentration of solutions: percent by
mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality,
percent by volume, ppm
 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
Concentration of Solutions: Percent by mass and
Percent by Volume
You know what concentration of solution is,
right? But, do you know how to express it? When there
is too much sugar in your milkshake, you say that it is
“too sweet”. But in chemistry, there is nothing like “too”.
We have to define it. That is why we are going to study
all about the concentration of solutions in this chapter. We
will look at the various methods of calculating the
concentration of solutions. So, let us start!

We can calculate the concentration of solutions

by various methods. Let’s study each method and
determine the formulas for this method. Do you want to
describe the concentration of solutions quantitatively in
a fun way? Then prepare to perform the activities
prepared for you in this module.
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• define various ways of describing

solution composition;
• use different ways of expressing
concentration of solutions: percent by
mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality,
percent by volume, ppm;
• solve problems on concentration of solutions and,
• explain the importance of identifying the concentration of solutions.

1
 Directions: Read all the items carefully and write the letter
of your answer in your notebook.

1. A solution is prepared by mixing 20g of sodium chloride in 80g of water. What are the
concentrations of the solute and the solvent in % by mass?
A. Solute: 80%, Solvent:20%
B. Solute: 20%, Solvent:80%
C. Solute: 90%, Solvent:10%
D. Solute: 40%, Solvent:60%

2. Rubbing alcohol is commonly used as an antiseptic for small cuts. It is sold as 70%
(v/v) solution of isopropyl alcohol in water. What volume of isopropyl alcohol is used to
make 500 mL of rubbing alcohol?
A. 300 mL C. 35 mL
B. 350 mL D. 30 mL

For number 3-5, refer to the choices below.

A solution is prepared by mixing 1.00 g of ethanol (C2H5OH) with

100.0 g of water to give a final volume of 101 mL.

3. What is the molarity of the solution?

a. 0.215 M b. 1.215 M c. 2.15 M d. 21.5 M

4. What is the molality of the solution?

a. 0.127 m b. 0.217 m c. 0.721 m d. 1.270 m

5. What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the solution?

a. 0.000389 b. 0.00389 c. 0.0389 d. 0.389

Hi! Was the test easy for you?

Please check your answers using the answer key and see
how well you did. Don’t worry if you got a low score, this just
means that there are more things that you can learn from
this module. So, hop on!

2
 Lesson 1: Percent by Mass and Percent by Volume

Directions: You’ll be given 4 photos in a grid, all of which share a word in common. Your
goal is to figure out the common word based on the word length which is provided to you.

1. _ _ N _ _ _ T _ _ _ I
__

2. _ _ L _ _ _ O_

Question:
1. Based on the answers that you have provided, how are the two words related with
each other?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

3
 Good job in finishing the activity! Now, you need to accomplish
the next task.

According to studies, isopropyl alcohol manufacturers maximize its capacity to meet a

surge in demand around the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, hand sanitizers
and cleaning products are also extremely sought after. I’m sure you were one of the few who
want to hoard one. As a result, both governments and manufacturers will need to find ways to
make these essential materials available in the market. In order to meet this need, chemical
manufacturers are increasing their production, reconfiguring plants, or building new ones.
Have you noticed that there is a whole range of percentages of Isopropyl Alcohol, like
40% 70%, 99% and 100%? We know it can be confusing to choose among them.

Questions:
2. If you were to choose a better alcohol disinfectant, which will you prefer, 70%
solution or 40 % solution? Why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. What do the 70% and the 40% on the label of alcohol represent in the solution?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. Why do you think 100% alcohol is not used for sterilization or disinfection?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

No matter what the percentage is, alcohol is a beneficial product to have in any
workplace or household. The amazing variety of uses it has makes it a handy product to have
around especially if you’re cleaning electronics, cleaning hard surfaces, or disinfecting
materials. If you’re using it as rubbing alcohol for the skin or for spraying plants, use 70%. The
required percentage will depend on your application.

Concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance is mixed with another
substance. Solutions are said to be dilute or concentrated. When we say that vinegar is 5%
acetic acid in water, we are giving the concentration. If we say that the mixture has 10% acetic
acid, this would be more concentrated than the 5 % vinegar solution.

4
 Figure 1: The solution on the left is more concentrated than the solution on the right because
there is a greater ratio of solute (red balls) than solvent (blue balls) particles. The solution particles are
closer together. The solution on the right is more dilute (less concentrated). (CC-SA-BY-3.0 Tracy
Poulsen).

A concentrated solution is one in which there is a large amount of solute in a given

amount of solvent. A dilute solution is one in which there is a small amount of solute in a
given amount of solvent. When we talk about solute and solvent, the concentrated solution
has a lot of solute versus the dilute solution that would have a smaller amount of solute.
In general, a solution has two components: solute and solvent. The solute and the
solvent dissolve in each other. The component present in small amount is called the solute.
The particles of solute are dissolved in a solution while the solvent is the component present
in greater amount.
For example, at 30°C, you added 30 g of table salt in 100 mL water. Your solute is the
30 g table salt and your solvent is 100 mL water.

Try to identify the solute and the solvent in the following

solutions by labeling each item as solute or solvent.
(HINT: the solvent is always the one with greater amount)

1. Solution : Cup of coffee

A. Caffeine : __________________
B. Water : __________________
2. Solution : Vinegar
A. Acetic acid : __________________
B. Water : __________________
3. Solution : Ocean water
A. Salt : __________________
B. Water : __________________
The terms "concentrated" and "dilute" provide qualitative methods of describing
concentration. Although qualitative observations are necessary and have their place in every

5
part of science, including chemistry, we have seen throughout our study that there is a definite
need for quantitative measurements in science. This is particularly true in chemistry. In this
section, we will explore some quantitative methods of expressing solution concentration.

Do you now understand what those percentage represents? Do

you think it is important to know the percent strength of a solution?
Let us find out in the succeeding activity.

Directions:
We can calculate the concentration of solutions by various methods. Let’s study each
method and determine the formulas for each method.
You will find the percentages of solutes stated on the labels of many commercial
products, such as household cleaners, liquid pesticide solutions, and shampoos. If your sink
becomes clogged, you might buy a bottle of drain opener whose label states that it is a 2.4%
sodium hydroxide solution. This means that the bottle contains 2.4 g of NaOH for every 100 g
of solution.

How to solve percentage concentration by mass problems

6
Sample problem 1:
Pure gold is referred to as 24 karats. Jewelry that is said to be 18 karats contains 18 g of gold
for every 24 g of the material, the remaining 6 g consist of the other metal like copper or silver.
ANALYZE:
What is given in the problem?
The mass of solute and the mass of solution
What are you asked to find?
The concentration of the solution expressed as a percentage by mass
Data:
Mass of solute:18 g
Mass of solution: 24 g
What step is needed to calculate the concentration of the solution as a percentage by
mass?
Divide the mass of solute by the mass of the solution and multiply it by 100
Solution:
% = mass of solute / mass of solution x 100%

% = { 18 g / 24 g }x 100%

% by mass = 75 %

Sample problem 2:
What is the percentage by mass (% by mass) of a solution made by dissolving 0.49 g of
potassium sulfate in 12.70 g of water?
ANALYZE:
What is given in the problem?
The mass of solute and the mass of solvent
What are you asked to find?
The concentration of the solution expressed as a percentage by mass
Data:
Mass of solute:0.49 g potassium sulfate
Mass of solvent: 12.70 g water
What step is needed to calculate the concentration of the solution as a percentage by
mass?
Divide the mass of solute by the mass of the solution and multiply it by 100.

7
Solution:
% = mass of solute / mass of solution x 100%

% = { 0.49 g / 0.49 g + 12.70 g } x 100%

% = { 0.49 g / 13.19 g } x 100%

% by mass = 3.7 %

What if the given in the problem is the % by Mass and you are tasked to calculate the
mass of solute and the mass of solvent?

Look at the example below.

Sample problem 3:
Calculate the grams of NaOCl (5.25% by mass) in 245 grams of a commercial bleach solution.
In this problem, the equation should be rearranged to solve for the grams of solute.
ANALYZE:
What is given in the problem?
The % of concentration and the mass of solution

What are you asked to find?

The mass of solute
Data:
Percentage of concentration:5.25%
Mass of solution: 245 g
What step is needed to calculate the mass of solute?
Multiply the percentage concentration by mass to mass of solution divided by 100 %
Solution:
mass of solute = % by mass x mass of solution / 100%
mass of solute = { 5.25% x 245 g } / 100%
mass of solute = { 1286.25 g } / 100
mass of solute = 12.9 g
To calculate the mass of solvent, simply subtract the mass of solute to the mass of solution.

Data:
Mass of solution: 245 g
Mass of solute: 12.9 g
Mass of solvent: 232.1 g

8
How to solve percentage concentration by volume problems

+ =

Sample problem 4:
Determine the volume/volume percent solution made by combining 25 mL of ethanol with
enough water to produce 200 mL of the solution.
ANALYZE:
What is given in the problem?
The volume of solute and the volume of solution
What are you asked to find?
The concentration of the solution expressed as a percentage by volume
Data:
Volume of solute:25 mL ethanol
Volume of solution: 200 mL
What step is needed to calculate the concentration of the solution as a percentage by
volume?
Divide the volume of solute by the volume of the solution and multiply it by 100.

9
Solution:
% = volume of solute /volume of solution x 100%
%= {25 mL / 200 mL }x 100%
% by volume = 12.5 %

Sample problem 5:
A solution is prepared by dissolving 90 mL of hydrogen peroxide in enough water to make
3000 mL of solution. Identify the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution.
ANALYZE:
What is given in the problem?
The volume of solute and the volume of solution
What are you asked to find?
The concentration of the solution expressed as a percentage by volume
Data:
Volume of solute:90 mL
Volume of solution: 3000 mL
What step is needed to calculate the concentration of the solution as a percentage by
volume?
Divide the volume of solute by the volume of the solution and multiply it by 100.
Solution:
% = volume of solute / volume of solution x 100%

%= {90 mL / 3000 mL }x 100%

% by volume = 3 %

What if the given in the problem is the % by volume and you are tasked to calculate the volume
of solute and the volume of solvent?

Look at the example below.

Sample problem 6:
How many mL of HNO3 is needed to prepare 250mL of solution with 4% concentration?

10
ANALYZE:
What is given in the problem?
The % of concentration and the volume of solution
What are you asked to find?
The volume of solute
Data:
Percentage of concentration: 4%
Volume of solution: 250 mL
What step is needed to calculate the volume of solute? Multiply the percentage
concentration by volume to volume of solution divided by 100 %
Solution:
volume of solute = % by volume x volume of solution / 100%

volume of solute = { 4% x 250 mL } / 100%

volume of solute = { 1000 mL } / 100

volume of solute = 10 mL

To calculate the volume of solvent, simply subtract the volume of solute to the volume of
solution.

Data:
Volume of solution: 250 mL
Volume of solute: 10 mL
Volume of solvent: 240 mL

11
 Carefully read and answer the items below. For each
question there is one correct answer and a color
associated with that answer. On the coloring area below,
each question number section should be filled with that
color.

1. It is defined as the ratio of the mass of 2. What is the concentration, in percent by

the solute to the mass of the solution. mass of 0.62 g of solute in 45.0 g of
solution?

% by volume % by mass Concentration 1.38 % 0.014 % 13.8 %

PURPLE BLACK YELLOW DARK LIGHT BLUE Red
GREEN

3. What mass of solute is needed to make 4. How many mL of hydrogen peroxide are
100 g of 3.4% solution? needed to make an 8.5% solution by
volume of hydrogen peroxide if you want to
make a 450mL of solution?

0.34 g 34 g 3.4 g 1.89 mL 40.00 mL 38.25 mL

RED BROWN LIGHT BROWN ORANGE YELLOW
GREEN

5. How do you call the component of a 6. What is the mass percent of a solution of
solution present in smaller amount? 7.6 g of sucrose in 83.4 g of water?

solute Solvent mixture 8.35 % 9.11 % 10.97 %

RED PURPLE LIGHT LIGHT BLUE RED DARK
GREEN GREEN

7. What volume of isopropyl alcohol is used 8. If concentration by mass of 600 g NaCl

to make 350 mL of 70 % rubbing alcohol? solution is 40 %, find the amount of solute
by mass.

24.5 mL 0.2 mL 245 mL 24 g 15 g 240 g

RED YELLOW ORANGE LIGHT BLUE BROWN PURPLE

9. Suppose that a solution was prepared by 10. Identify the amount of acetic acid
dissolving 25.0 g of sugar into 100g water. present in 200 mL vinegar with 4%
The percent by mass would be: percentage.

25 % 20 % 4% 0.8 g 8g 50 g
RED BROWN BLACK PURPLE DARK BLUE DARK
GREEN

12
13
 Color by number Rubric:
Please turn in the following:
4 = All criteria are met and student has gone above beyond the basic expectation.
3 = All criteria are met.
2 = Some criteria are not followed correctly
1 = Does not meet most of the criteria

Technical Skills Score Comment

The coloring is done with quality. Accurate 1 2 3 4
placement of shades or colors.
Color is applied with care; colors are not muddy. 1 2 3 4

Attention to the fine details of the output is 1 2 3 4

apparent
A strong likeness to that of the original output is 1 2 3 4
achieved

Directions: Through the situations below, answer the given questions.

1. All portions of a solution have the same concentration. The composition of one
part is also the same as the composition of the other parts but you can change
the concentration of solutions. This means you can prepare different solutions
of sugar in water of different concentrations (for example, 10%, 20% or 30%).

What is percent by mass and percent by volume? What makes it important in our daily
life?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

14
 2. Tabak-making is one of Tabaco's main industry. It thrives most at Brgy. Cobo where
most of the city's blacksmiths are found. Bolo or Tabak is an example of a metal alloy
in solid solution made up of two or
more metals. Aside from “Tabak”, what
other solutions can you give? Describe
its concentration.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

Congratulations on finishing the supplementary

learning module for lesson 1! You have just had an
amazing learning journey and for sure, you will have the
same in the succeeding modules.
This time, share to the class your final insights
by completing the following sentence prompts.
,

15
 The important terms used in this module for lesson 1 are
defined as follows:

Alloys– either solid solutions made up of two or more metals or of metals mixed with
nonmetals
Concentrated – a solution which has a large amount of solute for a certain volume of solvent.
Concentration - shows the measure of how much of a given substance is mixed with another
substance.
Dilute – a solution in which there is a small amount of solute in a given amount of solvent.
Percent by mass – the amount of solute in a given mass of solution expressed as grams
solute per 100 grams of solution
Percent by volume –the amount of solute in a given volume of solution expressed as grams
solute per 100 milliliters of solution.
Solute – the component of a solution that is lesser in quantity; the substance being dissolved.
Solutions – homogeneous mixtures. It may be solids dissolved in liquids or gases dissolved
in liquids.
Solvent – the component of a solution that is greater in amount; the dissolving substance of
a solution.

16
Lesson 2: Expressing Concentration of Solutions through
Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction and Parts per Million
(ppm)

ELICIT: When we look at the labels of commercial food items, we often find
concentrations expressed as a percentage (%) in terms mass or volume. A popular
vinegar brand indicates 4.5% natural acidity on its label. What does it mean?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ENGAGE: Aside from percent by mass and volume, there are

four other ways of expressing concentration of solution. Want to
know them ? Then you need to identify them in the WORD
SEARCH box below.

17
 Sample data are given below. Try to explore on how each method of expressing
concentration of solution was determined.
Sample 1.

Solution Moles solute (mol) Volume of solution Concentration

(L)
1. NaOH 0.2 0.100 2M
2. HCl 0.250 1.4 M

Questions:
1. How is the concentration of NaOH solution determined?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. How many moles of HCl are present in 0.250 L of 1.4 M HCl solution?
___________________________________________________________________

3. What method of expressing concentration of solution is illustrated in sample 1?

___________________________________________________________________

Sample 2.

Solution Moles solute (mol) Mass of solvent Concentration

(in kg)
1. NaOH 1.5 1.3 1.15 m
2. HCl 0.85 1.7 m

Questions:
1. How is the concentration of NaOH solution determined?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. How many kilograms of HCl are present in 0.85 mol of 1.7 m HCl solution?
___________________________________________________________________

3. What method of expressing concentration of solution is illustrated in sample 2?

___________________________________________________________________

18
Sample 3. A solution contains 10.0 g pentane, 10.0 g hexane and 10.0 g benzene. What is
the mole fraction of hexane?
Here are some clues for you to compute for the mole fraction:
1) You need to determine the moles of pentane, hexane and benzene. To do this, you need
the molar mass of each substance. (Remember: To get the MM, you need to multiply each
element’s atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the molecule. Then add
these values together for each different atom in the molecule.
Pentane, C5H12 : MM = ______
Hexane: C6H14 : MM = ______
Benzene: C6H6 : MM = ______

2) When you have the moles of each, add them together.

(Remember: no. of moles= mass in grams/MM)
Pentane, C5H12 : no. of moles = ______
Hexane: C6H14 : no. of moles = ______
Benzene: C6H6 : no. of moles = ______
Total No. of Moles = _______

3) Then, divide the moles of hexane by the total to get the mole fraction of hexane.
Pentane, C5H12 : Mole fraction = ______
Hexane: C6H14 : Mole fraction = ______
Benzene: C6H6 : Mole fraction = ______
Total No. of Moles = _______

Sample 4: A 100.0 g sample of hard water is found to contain 0.012 g of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3). What is the concentration of CaCO3?
Solution:
0.012 g CaCO3
_____________ x 10 6 = 120 ___
100.0 g solution

1. How is the concentration determined from the example? What should be the unit for
the answer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What method of expressing concentration is illustrated in sample 4?

___________________________________________________________________

19
 EXPLAIN

1. Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute divided by the number of liters of solution.

• If a manufacturer prepares a solution from 10.0 grams of NaOH dissolved in enough

solvent to make a 0.100 liter of solution, what is the molarity of the
cleaner?______________

2.Another measure of concentration is called molality (m). This is defined as the number of
moles of solute dissolved in each kilogram of solvent.

• Consider an example in which 18.0 grams of C6H12O6 is dissolved in 1 kg of water.

What is the molality of the resulting solution?
_____________________________________

3.Another measure of concentration involves mole fraction (X). This is the number of moles
of one component divided by the total number of moles in the solution. The component can
be either solute or solvent.

Mole fraction has no units because moles appear in the numerator and in the denominator
and thus cancel out.

20
 • What is the mole fraction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in an industrial exhaust gas containing
128.0 g of sulphur dioxide dissolved in every 1500 g f carbon dioxide? ____________
4.Another common unit of concentration, especially when reporting low concentrations, is
parts per million. For solutions, ppm is usually reported in terms of mass and refers to grams
of solute per million grams of solution.

grams solute
ppm = _____________ x 10 6
grams solution

Parts per million is similar to the unit percent. Percent can be thought of as parts per
hundred. A 1 % solution means 1 g of solute per 100 g of solution. A 1– ppm solution means
1 g of solute per million grams of solution.

• A 123.0 g sample of hardwater is found to contain 0.015 g of calcium carbonate

(CaCO3). What is its concentration in ppm? _________________________________

ELABORATE

• The most common impurities in tap water are calcium and magnesium ions. These
ions dissolved into water as it runs through soils rich in limestone. Calcium and
magnesium are both essential to proper nutrition, and many people take them as
dietary supplements. Water rich in calcium and magnesium is called hard water and is
characterized by the amount of calcium carbonate that would form if all the calcium
ions in the water reacted to form calcium carbonate.

Classification Hardness (ppm CaCO3)

Very soft < 15
Soft 15-50
Medium 50-100
Hard 100-200
Very hard >200

Although hard water has no adverse health effects, it does have annoying properties. The
calcium and magnesium in hard water leave a white scaly deposit on pipes, fixtures, cooking

21
utensils, and dishes. Can you give other disadvantages of having too much concentration of
calcium and magnesium ions in water? ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

How can we avoid the undesirable effects of hard water? ____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
Consumer Tip

• You go to the store to buy fruit juice. One brand is half the price of another. You
think, what a great deal! But do not stock up just yet. Whenever you buy a product
that is in solution- chlorine bleach, liquid cleaners, liquid laundry detergents, vinegar,
vanilla extract, and fruit drinks, to name just a few- you should know the
concentration. Why do you think so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

• If you were to buy a product, which would you choose, less expensive brands with
lower concentration or those with a higher price but with higher concentration of active
ingredient? __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

• An older home has lead pipes. Should you boil the water that comes out of the pipes
before drinking it? Does boiling lower the concentration of lead in water? Why or why
not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

22
1.The number of moles of solute divided by the number of kilograms solvent is
a. molarity b. molality c. mole fraction d. parts per million
2. The molarity of a 0.50 L solution containing 9.0 g of NaCl in water is
a. 18 M b. 0.055 M c. 0.31 M d. 114 M
3. A 105-g sample of tap water is found to contain 0.08 g of sodium fluoride. What is the
concentration of sodium fluoride in parts per million?_______________________________
4. A gas mixture contains 50.4 g of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) and 65.2 g of oxygen gas. What
is the mole fraction of N2O?

Congratulations on finishing the supplementary

learning module! You have just had an amazing learning
journey and for sure, you will have the same in the
succeeding modules.
This time, share to the class your final insights
by completing the following sentence prompts.
,

23
 The important terms used in this module are defined as
follows:

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute divided by the number of liters of solution.
Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in each kilogram of solvent.
Mole fraction (X). This is the number of moles of one component divided by the total number
of moles in the solution.
Parts per million. For solutions, ppm is usually reported in terms of mass and refers to grams
of solute per million grams of solution.

24
POST-TEST
1. A solution with 3 g of potassium chloride (KCl) in 100 g of water is prepared. Calculate
the percent by mass of the solution.
A. 3 % C. 2.91 %
B. 30% D. 29.1 %

2. A solution has been prepared with 30 g of sugar dissolved in water till we get 200 ml
of solution. Which is its mass concentration of sugar in g/L?
A. 15 % C. 1.5 %
B. 0.15 % D. 150 %

3. Calculate the % by mass of the solution where there is 31.0 g of KCl in 152.0 g water.
A. 20.3 % C. 16.9 %
B. 2.03 % D. 1.69%

4. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid NaOH in

enough water to make 1.50 L of solution.
A.0.28 M B. 0.37 M C. 0.192 M D. 0.921 M

5. The appropriate method used for reporting low concentration of solution is _________.
A. molarity B. molality C. mole Fraction D. parts per million

25
Lesson 1
TRY THIS
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. B
DO THIS
4 PICS 1 WORD
1. CONCENTRATION
2. SOLUTION
Answers to Question:
1. Students’ answer may vary
EXPLORE
2. 70% solution because it contains more solute (alcohol).
3. It represents the concentration of solution. It shows the amount or volume of chemical
or compound per 100 mL of a solution

DO THIS
1. Black
2. Dark green
3. Light green
4. Yellow
5. Red
6. Light blue
7. Orange
8. Purple
9. Brown
10. Dark blue

26
 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Students’ answer may vary

Lesson 2
Elicit: The product contains 4.5 g CH3COOH in every 100 g vinegar.

Explore:
Sample 1
1.Divide no. of moles by liters solution
2. 0.35 moles
3. Molarity
Sample 2.
1. Divide no. of moles by kg solvent
2. 0.5 kg
3. Molality
Sample 3: Mole fraction hexane= 0.303
Sample 4: Divide mass of CaCO3 by the mass of solution and multiply by 106

ELABORATE:
• It decrease the effectiveness of soap because calcium and magnesium ions react with
soap, making it unavailable to dissolve grease and oil. The product of this reaction is
a slimy, gray scum called curd that often deposits on skin or on the sides of the bathtub
producing bathtub ring.
• Use water softeners
• For safety reasons
• Higher concentration of active ingredient since it’s more effective

27
 • No. Lead is not volatile; therefore, boiling water that is contaminated with lead will only
make the water more concentrated in lead. Some of the water boils away, but virtually
all of the lead is left behind.

Let’s Check What You Have Learned

1. B.
2. C.
3. 760.91 ppm
4. 0.360

28
A. Books

• Science 7 Learners’ Module, First edition, 2017

B. Websites:
Accessed last July 02, 2020

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