Pigment Effect of Effect of

Effect of
Solubility in
prolonged water
acid alkali
cooking

Intensifies Slightly
Chlorophyll Olive green green color Olive green
Soluble
Little effect Slightly
Carotene Little effect Little effect unless excessive
way darkens Soluble
Deeper red
Anthocyanin Color is stable
purple or blue Little Very
depending on soluble
alkalinity effect
Darken if Very
Anthoxanthins No effect Yellow excessive in the
presence of iron soluble