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STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS

Prepared by: Mufeed V. E

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
&
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

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 Types of Materials

➢ Homogeneous Isotropic

➢ Non –homogeneous Anisotropic

Orthotropic

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Homogeneous Material :-

Ey

. Ex
Ey
1
.2
Ex

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Non- homogeneous Material :-
➢Material properties are different at all points in the same direction
➢Multiple materials with different elastic constants
➢Eg:- composites
E1y
.
E2y
E1x
.2
E2x

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Isotropic Material :-
➢ Material properties are same in every direction at a point

E1 .
E1
1 E1
E2 E2
.2
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E2
Anisotropic Material :-

➢Material properties are different in every direction at a point

➢Eg:-Composites

.
E1 E2 E3
E4 E5
1
.2
E6

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Orthotropic Material :-
➢Material properties are different in mutually perpendicular directions
at a point.
➢Eg:-wood
Ey
e .

1 Ex
E1e E
Ez

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For isotropic & Orthotropic Materials-
➢ Stress is associated with corresponding strain only.

σ Ɛ ↊ ϒ

For Anisotropic materials Ɛ

Ɛ
σ ↊ ϒ
ϒ
➢ Every stress is associated with all strains

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Minimum No. Of independent Elastic Constants

Material Tri-axial Bi-axial

Isotropic 2 2

Anisotropic 21 6

Orthotropic 9 4

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Simple tension test
(Uni-axial Test)

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UTM

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 Elastic & Plastic Deformations

Elastic:- deformtions will be

➢ Temporary
➢ Small

Plastic:- deformtions will be

➢ Permanent
➢ Large

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 Ductile & Brittle Materials

Ductile materials:-

➢ Material shows significant yielding

➢ Fracture = Elastic deformations + Plastic Deformations
➢ Total Deformation > 5%

Brittle materials:-
➢ Material doesn’t shows any yielding
➢ Fracture Elastic deformations
➢ Total Deformation < 5%

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Stress-Strain Diagram of Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram of Different Materials

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Stress- Strain diagram for Brittle materials

▪ A

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 True Stress –strain
➢ Engineering Stress &strain :-

Stress,σE = Load/ Original Cross sectional Area

Strain,ƐE = Change in length /Original length

➢ True stress & strain

Stress,σT = Load/ Insant. Cross sectional Area =P/Af

Strain,ƐT = Change in length /Original length

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stress

▪ 3

• 2
▪ 1
strain

lf
➢ƐT = ʃ dL/L or ln(lf/lo)
lo
➢ Every instantaneous strain should be added to get true strain

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Relation Connecting True strain & Engineering Strain
We have,
Engg: Strain, ƐE = ( Lf – Lo) /Lo
= (Lf/Lo) - 1
or Lf/Lo = 1+ ƐE……………..(i)

Also,
True Strain, ƐT = ln( Lf/ Lo) = ln(1+ ƐE)
ƐT = ln(1+ ƐE)

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Relation Connecting True stress & Engineering stress
Assume.Vo = Vf AoLo = Af Lf

Or Ao/Af = Lf/Lo = 1+ ƐE

Also, σ T =P/Af =(P/Ao) (A0/Af)

= σ E (1+ ƐE )
σ T = σ E (1+ ƐE)

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 Power law

➢Power law relates true stress & strain

➢σT = K (ƐT) ^n

Where,K & n are constants, depends on material

K= Strength Co-efficient
n= strain hardening exponent
➢ At ultimate point, necking starts
ƐT = n

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➢ Yield Strength :- Max.Stress that the material can sustain without
yielding (σyt)
They are of yield strength in tension, compression & Shear
➢ For Ductile materials Brittle Materials
σyt= σyc > σys σuc> σus > σut
➢ Ultimate Strength :- Max.Stress that the material can sustain without
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Fracture (σut)
➢ Steel is more ductile than rubber
% Elongation = (Lf – Lo) / Lo *100

% reduction in area = (Ao – Af) / Ao * 100

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Qn.1

The slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic

deformation region is ____________

a) Elastic modulus
b) Plastic modulus
c) Poisson’s ratio
d) None of the mentioned

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Qn.2

What is the stress-strain curve?

a) It is the percentage of stress and stain

b) It is the relationship between stress and strain
c) It is the difference between stress and strain
d) None of the mentioned

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Qn.3

Where is the necking region?

a) The area between lower yield point and upper yield point
b) The area between the plastic limit and elastic limit
c) The area between the ultimate point and initial point
d) The area between the ultimate point and rupture

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Qn.4
Time dependent permanent deformation is called
________________.

(a) Plastic deformation

(b) Elastic deformation
(c) Creep
(d) Anelastic deformation

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Qn.5

If a material is subjected to two incremental true strains

namely ε1 and ε2, then the total true strain is….

(a) ε1 * ε2
(b) ( ε1 - ε2
(c) ε1 + ε2
(d) (d) ε1 / ε2

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Qn.6

Toughness of a material is equal to area under ____________

part of the stress-strain curve.

(a)Elastic
(b)Plastic
(c)Both
(d)None

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Qn.7

Mathematically, strain energy = _________

a) Power
b) Work done
c) Young’s Modulus
d) Energy

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.Qn.8

Calculate the Strain energy stored in a body of stress 0.0366 N/mm2.

The cross sectional area is 60 m2and length of body is 1 m. Take E =
2×105 N/mm2.
a) 0.2009 N.mm
b) 0.0416 N.mm
c) 0.0987 N.mm
d) 0.1316 N.mm

l = 1000 mm ; A = 60000 mm2; f = 0.0366 N/mm2.

Strain energy stored = σ2/2EI × Volume
= (0.0366)2/ 2×2×105× (200×300) × (1000)
= 0. 2009 N.mm.
Qn.9

The ability of a material to be formed by hammering

or rolling is known as _________

a) Malleability
b) Ductility
c) Harness
d) Brittleness

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Qn.10

During a tensile test on a specimen of 1 cm cross-section, maximum load observed

was 8 tonnes and area of cross-section at neck was 0.5 cm2. Ultimate tensile strength
of specimen is…………..

A) 4 tonnes/cm2
B ) 8 tonnes/cm2
C) 16 tonnes/cm2
D) 22 tonnes/cm2 /
Hint:- σu = ult.load Orig.C/A

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 Answers
1) A 6) C
2) B 7) B
3) D 8) A
4) C 9) A
5) C 10) B

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