Do all book exercises for these chapters once.

Electric Circuit and Current –

Switch – conduction link – cell & bulb. Circuit – closed, continuous path – current. Current – Amount –
charge – particular area – unit time/ rate of flow of charges. Direction – positive charges. Electrons
not know. Conventionally – current opposite direction – electron flow. 1 Coulomb –> 6 X 10 18
electrons. 1 electron –> -1.6 X 10-19 C. 1 Ampere (French scientist Andre Marie Ampere) – 1 coulomb
– particular area – 1 second. 1 mA = 10-3 A. 1 µA = 10-6 A. Copper wire – drift speed – electrons – 1
mm/s. Nearly speed of light.
Potential Difference –
Source: Batter/Cell – chemical action. Work done – move unit charge – one point – other. Volt (Italian
Physicist Alessandro Volta) – potential difference – two points – one joule – move 1 Coulomb – one
point – other. (both definitions must have current carrying conductor).
Q 3 pg 202.
Nichrome – Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Iron
Ohm’s Law -
Ohm’s Law formulated in 1827. Law – V across ends – given metallic wire – circuit – directly
proportional to I flowing through it as long as temperature remains the same.
VαI
V/I = constant. Constant taken as R (constant for given wire & temperature). Def – Property of
conductor to resist the flow of charges through it. 1 Ohm – resistance when potential different – two
ends – conductor – 1 V and Current is 1 A.
1/R α I
Component used – regulate current – without changing voltage source – variable resistance (often
rheostat used).
Component of given size that has 1) low resistance – good conductor, 2) appreciable resistance –
resistor, 3) higher resistance – poor conductor 4) even higher resistance – insulator.
Activity for factors for resistance of a conductor has one important point, when changing say the
thickness, we must mention that length remains same and vice versa. Similarly we take a wire of
different material of same thickness and length.
R α L/ A
R = ρL/A
Meaning if we double length, resistance doubles. Double area of cross section, the resistance halves.
ρ is constant of proportionality and is electrical resistivity of conductor (characteristic property) (Ωm)
Metals & Alloys – Very low – 10-8 to 10-6 Ωm – good conductors. Insulators – rubber, glass – 1012 to
1017 Ωm. Resistance & resistivity vary – temperature.
Alloys used in heating devices – Higher resistivity than constituent metals. Don’t oxidise at high
temperatures.
Constantan – Copper & Nickel. Manganin – Copper, Nickel & Manganese.
Example 12.6 pg 209. Q3 pg 209. Q4 pg 209. Example 12.13 pg 219
Silver is best electric conductor. Iron is better conductor than mercury.
End to end connection – series. Connection between 2 common points – parallel.
Parallel circuit advantages – Series - same current, different devices (different needs), One switch,
One breaking stops all. Parallel – Multiple switches, one fuses others work, lower total resistance
than individual thus each device uses current as required.
Resistors in Series -
V = V 1 + V2 + V3
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
V3 = IR3
V = IR
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
R = R 1 + R2 + R3
Resistors in Parallel -
I = I1 + I2 + I3
I = V/Rp
I 1 = V /R1
I 2 = V /R2
I 3 = V /R3 (12.17)
V/Rp = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Check questions from book and the notes made in book. Important
Do the important physics numerical file.
Heating Effect –
Some energy – devices. Some – heat. If only resistors, all energy – heat.
W = VQ
P = W/t
P = VQ/t = VI
Energy = P X t = Vit = Heat (if only resistors) = I2Rt (usually we only use this one)
Joule’s Law of heating –
Heat α (i) I2 with constant R (ii) R with constant I (iii) t
Application of heating effect –
Wastes energy and alters properties of components.
Bulb – retain maximum heat, mustn’t melt, Tungsten (3380 C) high melting point, thermally isolated,
nitrogen & argon to prolong life.
Fuse – Series, unduly high current, metal/ alloy of needed melting point (Cu, Fe, Al, Pb), Porcelain
cartridge with metal ends, 1,2,3,5,10 A ratings in domestic use.
Power –
Rate – energy dissipated/consumed – electric circuit.
P = VI = V2R = I2R
1 Watt – power consumed – device – 1 A current flowing at potential difference 1 V.
Electrical Energy – Watt hour (W h) – Energy consumed when 1 Watt of energy used for 1 hour.
Commercial Unit – kW h (unit). SI unit – Joule.
1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second = 3.6 × 106 watt second = 3.6 × 106 joule (J).
We pay for energy used to move electrons in our homes.