5-1 Introduction

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Energy
5-2 Conservation of Mass

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Inexact differentials
path function (heat, work,
mass transfer
Exact differentials
Point functions
Inexact differentials
path function (heat, work, mass transfer
Exact differentials
Point functions
mass flow rate through the entire cross-sectional area
of a pipe

Average Velocity
Volume Flow Rate
Mass and Volume
Flow Rate
Conservation of Mass Principle

Rate form

Mass Balance
Energy Equation

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Bernoulli equation,

  
   
 
 
2  2 

 
    

  
  
 
   
Bernoulli equation,

  
   
 
 

2  2 
 
 
 
   

     
   
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation

1. Steady flow
2. Frictionless flow
3. No shaft work
4. Incompressible flow
5. No heat transfer
6. Flow along a streamline






  
   
           
 2  2    
   
  

 

 
2 


 
  

Pressure Head
Velocity head
Elevation head
5–5 ■ APPLICATIONS OF THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

EXAMPLE Spraying Water into the Air

Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 400 kPa gage. A
child places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet
of high-speed water to emerge. If the hose is held upward, what is the
maximum height that the jet could achieve?


    400,000 
       
 2  2  
 
  1000  9.81 

  
 
  .  !

 



400 
  
 
1000  



400,000 
 

 
1000  

Bernoulli equation

Conservation of mechanical energy principle

Unsteady, compressible flow

Static, Dynamic, and stagnation pressure

Static, Dynamic, and stagnation pressure
Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation

1. Steady flow
2. Frictionless flow
3. No shaft work
4. Incompressible flow
5. No heat transfer
6. Flow along a streamline
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
Energy Grade Line (EGL)
Graphical representation of Mechanical Energy