Basic inequalities 133

Chapter 9

DESIGN OF MEMBERS P

Fig. 9.1 Simply supported prestressed concrete beam.

Service load:
fi= ____
131); f11),e Ms
A, Z, + Z, (9.
9.1 Introduction 13P,e,
Ms i b = + _7
In Chapter 5, the analysis of sections under given prestress force and Zb (9.
applied load was considered. The general problem, however, is that of design - 1d)
given a structure with overall geometry and applied load, what size of where Z, and 2b are the elastic section moduli of the section for the top and
member is required and what are the details of the prestressing force and bottom fibres respectively, A, is the cross-sectional area, and a and /3 :ire
tendon profile required? A trial-and-error approach could be used, the test the short- and long-term prestress loss factors. It is assumed in Equations
being whether the stresses at all sections of the member are satisfactory under 9.1(a)-(d) that the transfer and service load bending moments, Mi and M,
all possible load conditions. This might prove to be a very lengthy process, respectively, are sagging moments. In sections of a member where either of
however, and a systematic approach would clearly be advantageous. these are bogging moments; the signs of Mi and M, in Equations 9.1(a)-(d) must
The design of Class 1 and 2 members will be illustrated in the following be reversed. If the maximum allowable compressive stresses in the concrete
sections, primarily through the use of an example of a prestressed are f'„,„s j'„,„„ at transfer and service loads, respectively, and the
concrete bridge deck slab. It is recognized that the solid section used in the corresponding minimum allowable stresses are f:„,„ and respectively
examples is not the most economical section (see Section 9.9) but it serves to (note that iff „,,„ is negative it would represent an allowable tensile stress),
illustrate the basic design principles and to introduce the idea of a prestressed rewritten as inequalities:
concrete slab. The design procedure for Class 3 members is slightly different aP , aPe M
and will be shown in Section 9.8. Flow charts for the design procedures for _F (9.2a)
Class 1, 2 and 3 members are shown in Section 9.i O. A, Z, Z, j `""'
a P . al).e M.
1f (9.2b)
A, Zb Zb max

9.2 Basic inequalities

1.1P1 Pie
As a starting point in he design process, consider a simply supported beam ____+ max
ax

carrying a uniform load, as shown in Fig. 9.1. Z, Z, (9.2c).

-
If the initial prestress force and eccentricity at midspan are .P, and e flPie M
r
respectively, then the stresses at the top and bottom fibres of the beam at /lc b Lb
J min •
(9.2d)
midspan, at transfer and under the service load, may be described by the four
equations shown below: Inequalities 9.2(a)-(d) are shown graphically in Fig. 9.2. By combining
Transfer: inequalities 9.2(a) and 9.2(c), an expression for Z, may he derived:
f;e1),e M1 fiflmin). (9.3a)
j - - i - — (9.1a) 2 ?- 04
A, Z, Z,
Similarly, inequalities 9.2(b) and 9.2(d) may be combined to give an expression
aP i cel),e 1V11
J b = A (9.
1b)
 Design of prestress force 135
1c) 1 3 4 D e s ig n o f me m be r s
and long-term losses are 10% and 20%, respectively, determine the minimum
f‘
depth of slab required.
f = 20.0 N/mm 2 f ma. = 16.7 N/mm2
J ,,,„ = 1.0 N/rnm 2
- 0 N/min 2.
Mi = 24h x 202/8 = 1200h kN m/m,
4
where h is the overall depth of the slab in metres;
(a)
M, = 120011 + (10.3 x 202)/8
frna = (1200/1 + 515) kN m/m.
p Thus, from inequalities 9.3(a) and (b),

[0.9 x (1200h + 515) - 0.8 1200h]

Z, _______________________________ x 10 6
x
[(0.9 x 16.7)- 0.8( -- 1)]

m = (7.5811 -1- 29.28) x 106 mm3/in

(b)Service [0.9 x (1200h + 515) - 0.8 x 1200h]

Z b ______________________________________________ X106
[(0.8 x 20.0) - 0.9(0)]
.
hg 9.2 Design
= (7.50h + 28.97) x 106 mm3/rn.
for For a rectangular section,
zh_‹, (aA'15 -flmi) (9.3b) Z, = Zb =103 x (0/6) x 10 6
= 0.167/12 x 109 inm3/m. •

Note that the two expressions for the minimum values of Z, and Z b
depend only on the difference between the maximum and minimum bending
moments and allowable stresses, and not 90 their absolute values. These
minima, however, take no account of practical values of prestress force
and eccentricity. In practice, values for Z, and Zb larger than those aiven by
inequalities 9.3(a) and 9.3(b) are usually chosen.
E X A M P L E 9 . 1
A post-tensioned prestressed concrete bridge deck is in the form of a solid
slab Fig. 9.3) and is simply supported over 20 m. It carries a service
load of 0.3 kN/m'. The allowable concrete stresses are given below. If the
Thus two equations can be formed for h:
0.167112 x 109 = 7.58/1+ 29.28 x 106
0.167h2 x 109 = 7.50/1+ 28.97 x 106.
Solving these two equations gives values for 11 of 0.442 rn and 0.440 m,
respectively. Thus the minimum depth of the slab must be 442 mm. When
initially sizing a section using inequalities 9.3(a) and 9.3(b), it is better to be on
the generous side, in order to ensure that the ultimate limit state is satisfied. This
will also ensure that the effects of misplaced tendons during construction will be
minimized.
III

9.3 Design of prestress force

ea e a c i e e @ e________ The next stage in the design process is to find the prestress force, based on a
maximum eccentricity determined from the section properties.
Fig.
Rearranging inequalities 9.2(a)-(d) will yield inequalities for the
 1 3 o Dustgrt of members Magnel diagram 137
prestress force, for a given value of eccentricity. Thus the new ihequalities are: inequalities 9.4(a l--(d) is small, it may be difficult to provide a practical

•
arrangement of tendons which falls within this range. Unlike the case of
(9.4 reinforced concrete, where the over-provision of reinforcement only adds to the
p, ( Zif - Mi) a(Z,I
strength of a member, with prestressed concrete members too high a prestress
A, - e) a) force can lead to allowable stresses being exceeded at both transfer and service
load.
p (• Z
bfIhaX M
i)
(9.4
' a(4/ A,+ e) The stresses at the two loading conditions are:
Transfer:
(Zi.1. Ms) -

13(4124,-e) (9.4c) 0.9 x 5195.0 x 10 3 0.9 x 5195.0 x 10 3 x 188 630 x 106

I 5.25 x 105 45.94 x 106 +
45.94 x 106
+ Ms)
Pi fl(ZblAc+ e)' (9.4d) = 8.91 - 19.13 + 13.71
There are thus two upper and two lower bounds on the value of the prestress = 3.49 N/rnm2( > finti„);
force. Generally the minimum value of prestress force within these bounds is = 8.91 + 19.13 - 13.71
required, since the cost of the prestressing steel is a large proportion of the total = 14.33 N/mm2( < f:„„„).
cost of prestressed concrete ,struciures.
Service:
EXAMPLE 9.2 III ft = (0.8/0.9) x 8.91 - (0.8/0.9) x 19.13 + (114; x 1 06)/(45.94 x 10'1
.

For the bridge deck in Example 9.1, with a depth of 525 mm, if the maximum = 7.92 - 17.00 + 24.92
eccentricity of the tendons at midspan is 75mm above the soffit, find the 715.84 N/mm ( < f„,„„);,.
2

minimum value of the prestress force required. fb"-= 7.92 + 17.00 - 24.92
2
Z, = Zb = 525 x 10 /6 = 45.94 x 10 mm /m 3 6 3
= 0 N/mm2( = Lin)•
Ac= 5.25 x 10' nirri2/m
e= 525/2 - 75 = 188 mm The most critical stress condition is that corresponding to Equation 9.1(d), the
minimum stress condition under service load, while all the other stresses are
MI = 1200 x 0.525 = 630 kN m/m within the prescribed limits. This is to be expected, since the prestressing force
A 4,= 630 + 515 ---. 1145 kN in/m. chosen was determined using Inequality 9.4(d).
Inequalities 9.4(a)--(d) give the following values for Pi:
P1-4 7473.4 kN/m 9.4 Magnel diagram
6246.3 kN/m
The four inequalities for the prestress force in Example 9.1 yielded a range of
P i 4699.3 kN/m
Pi 5195.0 kN/in.
1 7
(.: D-1/4c- 63, possible values for Pi. However, for a given value of e there may not he such a
range, since the two inner of the four bounds to P i could overla.p. In this cast,
another value of e must be chosen and the limits to Pi found again, the process
The minimum value
being repeated until a satisfactory combination of P i and e is found. Clearly a
of Pi which lies within these limits is 5195.0 kN/m. Note that in inequalities
more direct way of arriving at such a combination would be very useful.
9.4(a) and 9.4(c) the denominator is negative for this example. Dividing both sides
To this end, Inequalities 9.4(a)--(d) may be written in the following form:
of an inequality by a negative number has the effect of changing the sense of
the inequality. 1 a(Z,IA,- e)
(9.5a)
If the prestress force is provided by evenly spaced tendons, each with an initial
Mi)
prestress force of 1378 kN, the spacing of the tendons is 265 mm. In this example,
1 cx(21,/ Ac + e)
the prestress force can be varied easily by adjusting the tendon spacing. In the (9.5b)
case of a beam, however, if the allowable range of prestress force given by Pi (Zt,f-..„+ Mi)

r
1000
3.-tt
=- 9-3 -
g s/
 138 Design of members Magnet diagram 139
1Z I A, e) —
100 153 1843 200 250 233 300
>A (9.5c) Eccentricity mm
Pi -- (7-1.f.— Ms) Fig. 9.4 Magnel diagram.
Inequalities 9.5(a)--(d) may be written as
I fi(Zbl A, + e)
< (9.5d) 108/P, > 0.133e — 11.65
Pi - (Zb.imin + MO.
108/P, > 0.058e + 5.08
As with the earlier inequalities, care must be taken with Inequalities 9.5(a) and
9.5(c). They are only valid if the denominators are positive. If either of the 108/P, < 0.212e — 18.53
denominators are negative, then the original Inequality 9.2(a) or 9.2(c) has been 108/P1 -<„ 0.070e + 6.11.
divided by a negative quantity, and the inequality must be reversed. ' Note that the inequality signs in 9.5(a) and 9.5(c) have reversed since the
The relationships between 1/P1 and e are linear and, if plotted graphically, denominators are negative. If the above inequalities are plotted with axes as 1/P,
and e, then each is a linear relationship defining a feasible region shown shaded
in Fig. 9.4.
For any given eccentricity, it is easy to see which pair of Inequalities
EXAMPLE 9.3 9.4(a)—(d) will give the limits to Pi. For e = 188 mm, the range of allowable values
Construct a Magnet diagram for the bridge slab in Example 9.1 and find the for Pi is given by Inequalities 9.5(b) and (d), i.e.
minimum prestress force for a tendon eccentricity of 188 mm. What would be Pi e 6246.3 kN/m
the effect on the minimum prestress force of: (i) reducing the eccentricity to
125 TM; (ii) increasing it to 250 mm? P1 5195.0 kN/m.
If the maximum eccentricity is reduced to 125 mm, it can be seen from the
Magnet diagram that there is no feasible range for P i. This means that it is
impossible to satisfy the four Inequalities 9.2(a)—(d) with this value ore at least
—

30
one of the extreme fibre stresses must exceed the allowable value.
If the value of e is increased to 250 mm, the range of values for P, is now given
by Inequalities 9.4(a) and 9.4(d), i.e.
Pi:c_ 4621.9 kN/m
Pi > 4240.7 kN/m.
20 W®
The value of e could be increased further, resulting in a range for Pi which would
give smaller absolute values, but eventually the tendon position would reach the
soffit of the slab. The feasible region extends from e = 153 to e = 283 mm. The
two limits correspond to the overall maximum and minimum prestress force,
respectively, in the section, and each is governed by the maximum and minim um
10 stresses, respectively, under all load conditions. But in practice the limiting
eccentricity is less than half the depth of the slab, due to the cover which must be
provided to the prestressing steel. The value of e = 188 mm is the maximum
practical eccentricity for this example, giving adequate cover from the soffit of
the slab.
These variations of P, with e show a general trend, namely that increasing e
reduces Pi and vice versa. For minimum prestress force, maximum eccentricity
should be provided at the point of maximum applied bending moment. This will
ensure maximum ultimate strength, also.
 The Magnel diagram is a very useful tool for understanding the relationship
between prestress force and eccentricity. Even though much of the routine
calculation work involved in prestressed concrete design is nowadays carried
 1 4 u Design of members C ab l e z on e 1 4 1
out by computer, it is essential for a designer to understead the way the Distance ( in) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5.4 10.0
variables in the design process affect one another.
1t4 i(kN n1) 0 275.6 472.5 590.6 630.0
Ms(kN in) 0 500.9 858.8 1073.4 1145.0
9.5 Cable zone (tint) -88 33 119 171 188
e c (mm) 97 156 198 224 232
Once the prestresS force has been chosen based on the most critical section, it is
possible to find the limits of the eccentricity e at sections elsewhere along the
member. Thus an allowable cable zone is produced, within which the profile may
take any shape. Here, the term 'cable' is used to denote the resultant of all the prestress force of 5195.0 kN/m, one limit to the cable zone is e = 188 mm, which
individual tendons. As long as the cable lies within the zone, the stresses at the was fixed earlier as the maximum practical eccentricity for this structure. Thus,
different loading stages will not exceed the allowable values, even though some if the tendons are nominally fixed with an eccentricity of 188 mm, a small
of the tendons might physically lie outside the cable zone. displacement upwards would bring the prestress force outside the cable zone. In
Inequalities 9.5(a)-(d) may be rearranged to give order to overcome this, the spacing of the tendons is decreased slightly from
265 mm to 250 mm, giving an increased prestress force of 5512.0 kN/in. The
Z 1 limits to the cable zone at the midspan are now 172 rnm and 224 mm, and so the
e , +aP(M; - Zj'min) nominal eccentricity of 188 nun lies within the cable zone with an acceptable
tolerance of I 6 mm.
e(Zbicmi! + M►) 7,4h If the shape of the chosen cable profile is parabolit, then if the eccenti icily at
midspan is 188 mm and at the support it is zero, giving a uniform stress at this
Z, 1 point, the shape of the profile is given by
e + Zfmax)
(9.6c)
AC
y =(4 .X0.188/20 2)x(20 x)
Z„
e% + MO - where y is a coordinate measured from the centroid of the section. The
(9.6d)
coordinates of the curve along the length of the deck can be found, and these are
used to fix the tendon ducts in position during construction (Fig. 9.6). These
EXAMPLE 9.4 III coordinates can be shown to lie within the revised cable zone, based on
Pi = 5512.0 kN/m.
In Example 9.3, if the prestress force is 5195.0 kN/m, determine the cable zone
for the full length of the bridge deck, and a suitable cable profile.
The limits for the cable zone given by Inequalities 9.6(a)-(d) One important factor in choosing a cable profile for a post-tensioned member
is the detail of the end-blocks. Manufacturers of the various prestressing
are: e < 97.3 + 2.139 x 1077M, systems usually specify the clearances required for their anchorages, and these
ec 109.0 + 2.139 x 1077M; will influence the eccentricity of the tendons at the end of the member. The
design of end-blocks is discussed in Chapter 8.
e -97.1 + 2.406 x 10 -7M,
Fig. 9.5 Cable zone.
e87.5 + 2.406 x 10 -7Ms.
The values of M1, Ms and e along the length of the slab are shown in Table 9.1 for
one half of the slab, since all the values are symmetrical about the centreline. In
this example, for all sections along the slab, Inequalities 9.6(a) and 9.6(d) will In far
give the limits to the cable zone, which is shown in Fig. 9.5. This is usually the
case if the minimum prestress force has been chosen, since these inequalities
relate to the minimum stresses under all load conditions. t min for
AC07.4%GroG
The width of the zone at the midspan section is 44mm, which is sufficient to
allow for any inaccuracies in locating the tendon ducts. However, for the chosen
Table 9.1 Cable zone for slab in Example 9.1.
142 Design of members Minimum prestress force
rAis
5-0 75 10.0

Ben d i ng m o m e n t k N m
;17 L

x(m) 2 5
• CNI
CO

V
y (mm)

Fig. 9.6 Cable profile.

In the above example the magnitude of the prestressing force has been
assumed to be constant; in real post-tensioned members the prestress force
varies. An example illustrating both of these factors will be shown in
Chapter 13.
9.6 Minimum prestress force
Since a significant portion of the cost of prestressed concrete members is in the
prestressing steel, in any design the aim should be to reduce this to a minimum.
Assuming that the steel is stressed to its limit, this is equivalent to keeping the
prestress force to a minimum.
As shown in Section 9.3, to satisfy the basic inequalities concerning maximum
and minimum concrete stresses at transfer and service load, there is usually a
range within which the prestress force must lie. The minimum prestress force
required for the service load in a simply supported beam is achieved when the
eccentricity is a maximum. However, the eccentricity will be limited by
consideration of the minimum concrete stress 'at transfer.
It is useful to examine the prestress force required in a given section, with a
particular eccentricity but with varying transfer and service load bending
moments. For the slab in E.)apple 9.1. Inequalities 9.4(a)-(d) can be rearranged
as
Pi 11.056M, + 508.0
P, e 4.033A1, -1- 3705.6
P, > 12.43841, — 9542.7
Pi > 4.537Mg.
These inequalities are shown graphically in Fig. 9.7, which shows that for the
maximum eccentricity of 188 mm the two limits to the prestress force are
5195.0 kN/m and 6246.3 kN/m, as determined previously. It also shows that the
minimum prestress force is governed by Inequality 9.4(d) up to the value of
5479.6 k N/m. After this point, the prestress force is governed by
Inequality 9.4(c), but more importantly, the rate of increase in service load
bending moment Ms with prestress force is much reduced. The prestress force of
5479.6 kN/m may thus be regarded as an economic maximum force to provide.
If a higher force is required for the given section, then probably it would be
better to increase the section size.
5195.0
/ 5479. 6
10000
Fig. 9.7 Limits to prestress
force.
It can also be seen from Fig. 9.7 that, for a given variation of bending
moment (M$ — M1), there is a corresponding range of prestress force. If, in
Example 9.1, Mt remains at 630 kN m/m, but Ms is increased to 1350 kN m/m,
the limits to the prestress force are
P1 s 6246.3
kN/m P, >
7248.6 kN/m.
Clearly there is no feasible range for Po and the depth of the slab should be
increased.
The ratio of M, to M, will also affect the minimum prestress force. Fora given
section, if this ratio is low, as is usually the case in long-span beams, the
prestress force may be placed at a greater eccentricity, and hence may be
smaller in value, than in the same section where the ratio of M, to M1 is
high.
For members which have a high ratio of M, to M1, one solution is to apply the
prestress force in stages. This is carried out either by initially tensioning
some, only, of the tendons to their full force, or by tensioning them all to a
much lower initial force. In the latter case, the anchorage system must allow
the tendons to be tensioned again to their full force at a later stage. Another
alternative is to have the initial prestress force provided by pretensioned
tendons, and the remaining prestress force supplied by post-tensioned
tendons, tensioned at a later stage.
An example of where stage prestressing would be advantageous is in a building
where a large clear span is required at ground floor level, and the columns from
several upper floors are carried by a prestressed concrete beam at first floor
14 4 Design of members P

minimum stress at transfer, leading to a large total prestress f0 3y tensioning

the beam in stages, as each upper floor is added, the eccentricity at midspan
could be increased, resulting in a smaller total prestress force.

9.7 Ultimate strength design

Once the details of the prestress force and cable profile have been determined,
the ultimate limit state must be satisfied. If the ultimate strength is insufficient,
then it will usually suffice to provide some extra untensioned reinforcement. The
details of the analysis procedure for this case are given in Chapter 5. E
0.00508
The ultimate strength of a member at transfer is also important, but in P

practice this will usually be satisfactory if the serviceability limit state at Fig. 9.9 Strain and stress distributions for slab in Example 9.5.
transfer is satisfied.
The total strain in the steel Epb = e pc ep, and ep is determined from the strain
EXAMPLE 9.5 . II diagram in Fig. 9.9:

For the bridge deck in Example 9.1, determine the ultimate moment 0.0035/x = s p /(450 x)
of resistance of the section at midspan with e = 188 man. Assume .•. ep = (450 — x)(0.0035/x).
f,„= 1770 Nimm2, fp, =1239 N/min2, = 40 N/rnm2, Es =195 kINI/rnm2 and that The stress in the steel is found from the stress—strain carve and the forces 1,1
the total area of steel per metre = 4449 min'. Assume that the tendon ducts have the
been grouted after tensioning the tendons. Determine the amount of any extra concrete and steel, C and T respectively, are then determined according to
reinforcement which may be required, with j; = 460 N/mm2. the
The stress—strain curve for the particular grade of steel used is shown in principles shown in Section 5.4. Table 9.2 shows these forces for different
Fig. 9.8, and the stress and strain distributions shown in Fig. 9.9. values
of x.
The strain E, in the prestressing steel at the ultimate limit state due to
The neutral axis depth may thus be taken with sufficient accuracy to
prestress only is given by
be 336 mm, showing that the steel has not yielded.
epc = (0.8 x 1239)/(195 x 103) = 0.00508. Ultimate moment of resistance = 5440(450 — 0.45 x 336) x 10'
= 1625.5 kN m/in
Ultimate applied uniform load = 1.4 x 12.6 + 1.6 x 10.3
6 1540 = 34.1 kN/m2.
tri Therefore, the maximum ultimate bending moment = 34.1 x 20/8
1232
= 1705 kN ni/m. 

Thus, extra untensioned reinforcement is required. The effective depth for

 Table 9.2 Neutral axis depth for slab in Example 9.5.

X Epb Ipb

(rem) /11/mni2) (kN) (kN)

000632 00129
Strain
300 0.00175 0.00683 1 256 5588 4860
330 0.00127 0.00635 1233 5486 5346
Fig. 9.8 Stress—strain curve for tendons. 0.00627 1223 5440 5443
336 0.00119

•
 146 Design of members Class 3 m e m b e r s 147
reinforcement A,, it may be assumed initially that both the prestressing steel and The depth of the neutral axis is thus 373 mm, and the ultimate moment of
the untensioned reinforcement have not yielded, since the presence of any extra resistance is given by
reinforcement in the section will lower the neutral axis. If the neutral axis Mu = [4449 x 1131(450 — 373)
depth is taken as approximately 370 mm, an equilibrium equation can be written
to determine A,. + 5360 x 192(475 — 0.45 x 373)] x 10 6
0.45 x 40 x 103 x 0.9 x 370 = [(450 — 370)/370] x 0.0035 = 1735.8 kN m/m.
+ 0.00508} x 195 x 103 x 4449 This is greater than the ultimate applied bending moment, and therefore the
+ [(475 — 370)/370] x 0.0035 section is satisfactory.
x 200 x t03A4.
• As— 4683 mm2/m.
This will be provided by T32 bars at 150 mm centres (A, = 5360 mrn2/m). 9.8 Class 3 members
It is now necessary to check that the ultimate moment of resistance of the While the critical limit state for Class 1 and 2 members is generally that of
section is greater than the applied bending moment. This is achieved, serviceability, for Class 3 members the most critical is usually the ultimate
again, by using a trial-and-error procedure, as outlined in Table 9.3. limit state. Indeed, one way of viewing Class. 3 members is as reinforced
The strain in the untensioned reinforcement is given by concrete members with sufficient prestress force applied to restrict the
E„ = (475 — x)(0.0035/x) cracking under service load.
1 An approach to the design of Class 3 members, therefore, is to find the
and the corresponding stress fs, is found from the stress—strain curve total area of steel required to give the desired ultimate moment of
shown in Fig. 9.10. resistance, and then to proportion this total area between the prestressing
steel and untensioned reinforcement. There are several criteria for
Table 9.3 determining the proportions for each type of steel.
One criterion is based on the hypothetical concrete tensile stresses given
x 81,
'Pb f pb f,, C T in BS8110, described in Chapter 5. The design process, once the ultimate
(mm) (N/mm2) ( NI ntin 2 ) ( k N) (kN) limit state has been satisfied, is essentially the same as that for Class 1 and 2
members, and the details of the prestressing steel are determined using the
370 0.00076 0.00584 0.00099 1139 198 6129 5994 methods outlined in the preceding sections.
373 0.00072 0.00580 0.00096 1131 192 6061 6043
An alternative method is to consider the member as having zero stress at
the tensile fact at the point of maximum applied bending moment, under
some proportiori of the total service load. The designer is free to
nE
choose this proportion, but a common criterion is to ensure zero
E tension under the permanent load only.
Instead of considering the state of stress within a member at the
z
critical sections, emphasis may be placed on the deflection of the member,
`e-; since this can be controlled by prestressing. If draped tendons are used,
in 400
then the load balancing technique is very convenient in determining the
prestress force required to give zero deflection under Some proportion of the
service load. This proportion is often taken as the permanent load, as with
the previous method. For members with straight tendons, the load
balancing method cannot be used, and in general the deflections cannot be
0.002 Strain made to be zero everywhere along the member. However, by ensuring
Fig. 9.10 Stress—strain curve for reinforcement. zero deflection at the critical section, a reasonably level member will
result.