Jordan University of Science & Technology

Aeronautical Engineering Department

Aeronautics Lab 2
AE (448)

Student Number: 138212

Student Name: Saba’ Feras Tawalbeh / Ruba Khattari / Rasmiah Al-Mafalha

Lecturer’s Name: Eng.Majd Al-shoubaki

Experiment Title: Unsymmetrical bending

Due Date: 8-3-2023

Date of Submission: 15-3-2023

Extension Details (if applicable): …….

Abstract

This report will explore the idea of Unsymmetrical bending and then calculate it on a beam
using both theoretical and experimental methods.
When the force does not pass through the principle axis of the cross section, unsymmetrical
bending is produced. The line that passes through the centroid of the body is the
principle axis.

The arithmetic mean location of all the points in a plane figure, known as the centroid in
mathematics and physics, is the geometric center of the figure. Informally, it is the distance at
which a shape cutout could balance exactly on the end of a pin. And the majority of design
methods incorporate this crucial idea.
Table of Contents

page number
Objective-------------------------------------------- 5
Theory----------------------------------------------- 5
Data and Result ----------------------------------- 6
Discussion------------------------------------------- 19
Conclusion------------------------------------------- 20
List of figures
Figure 1:Deflection at 0 angle...............................................................................................................6
Figure 2: Deflection at 22.5 angle..........................................................................................................7
Figure 3:Deflection at 45 angle.............................................................................................................8
Figure 4:Deflection at 67.5 angle..........................................................................................................9
Figure 5:Deflection at 90 angle\..........................................................................................................10
Figure 6 :Deflection at 112.5 angle......................................................................................................11
Figure 7:Deflection at 135 angle..........................................................................................................12
Figure 8:Deflection at 157.5 angle.......................................................................................................13
Figure 9: Deflection at 180 angle.........................................................................................................14
Figure 10: Mohr’s Circle for du/dp VS dv/dp......................................................................................15
Figure 11:theoretically part..................................................................................................................16
Figure 12: Digital indicator.................................................................................................................18
Figure 13: experiment device..............................................................................................................18
Figure 14: Loading weights.................................................................................................................18
Figure 15:U-beam specs......................................................................................................................18
Figure 16: L and U cross section beam................................................................................................18
Figure 17: Beam rotating angle...........................................................................................................18
Figure 18:tester....................................................................................................................................19

List of table

Table 1:Experimental results for head angle 0.......................................................................................6

Table 2:Experimentally result for head angle 22.5................................................................................7
Table 3: Experimentally result for head angle 45..................................................................................8
Table 4:Experimentally results for head angle 67.5...............................................................................9
Table 5:Experimentally results of head angle 90.................................................................................10
Table 6: :Experimentally results of head angle 112.5..........................................................................11
Table 7:Experimentally results of head angle 135...............................................................................12
Table 8:Experimentally results of head angle 157.5............................................................................14
Table 9:Experimentally results of head angle 180...............................................................................15
Table 10:Experimentally and theoretically value ...............................................................................17
Objectives:

1- Determine Ix and Iy 's theoretical numbers.

2- Calculate the error percentage by comparing the theoretical and experimental readings
of Ix and Iy .
3- A Mohr's circle of displacement should be plotted using the experimental data.
4- From Mohr's circle, determine the trial values of Ix and Iy .
5- Analyze the tension for a cantilever's asymmetrical bending.

Theory

Y=
∑ Ai Y i
∑ Ai
X=
∑ A i xi
∑ Ai
Z=
∑ A i zi
∑ Ai
−M z y M z Z
σ b= +
Iz Iy
I =I c + M h2
3
L
I x=
3 E(OC + R)
L3
I y=
3 E (OC−R)
Data and Result
Part 1
Experimentally

Table 1:Experimental results for head angle 0

Deflection Deflection
Load (N) in U in V
0.981 -0.2 0
1.962 -0.86 -0.08
2.943 -1.44 -0.13
3.924 -2.06 -0.16
4.905 -3.36 -0.29

Head angle of 0
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
f(x) = − 0.0407747196738022 x − 0.054
-0.5
f(x) = − 0.926605504587156 x + 0.319
-1

-1.5
Defliction (10^-3)

-2

-2.5
Defliction in U
-3
Linear (Defliction in
U)
-3.5 Deflection in V
Linear (Deflection in
-4 V)

-4.5
Load (N)

Figure 1:Deflection at 0 angle

du/dp = -0.9266
dv/dp = -0.0408
Table 2:Experimentally result for head angle 22.5

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
0.981 -0.85 0.01
1.962 -1.8 -0.01
2.943 -2.12 0.25
3.924 -4.18 0.37
4.905 -4.23 0.4

Head angle of 22.5

0.5

0
0.5 1 f(x) =1.5
0.0152905198776758
2 2.5 x −3 0.039 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.5

-1 f(x) = − 0.813455657492355 x + 0.0740000000000003

Defliction (10^-3)

-1.5

-2

-2.5
Defliction in U
-3 Linear (Defliction in
U)
-3.5 Defliction in V
Linear (Defliction in
-4 V)

-4.5
Load (N)

Figure 2: Deflection at 22.5 angle

du/dp = -0.8135
dv/dp = 0.0153
Table 3: Experimentally result for head angle 45

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
0.981 -0.33 0.11
1.962 -1.32 0.24
2.943 -1.94 0.33
3.924 -3.11 0.45
4.905 -3.93 0.54

Head angle of 45
0.5

0 f(x) = 0.0224260958205912 x + 0.098

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.5 f(x) = − 0.883792048929663 x + 0.483
-1
Defliction (10^-3)

-1.5

-2

-2.5
Defliction in U
-3 Linear (Defliction in
U)
-3.5 Defliction in V
Linear (Defliction in
-4 V)
-4.5

Load (N)

Figure 3:Deflection at 45 angle

du/dp = -0.8838
dv/dp = 0.0224
Table 4:Experimentally results for head angle 67.5

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
0.981 -1.13 0.41
1.962 -1.97 0.59
2.943 -1.36 0.17
3.924 -4.26 1.16
4.905 -3.56 1.11

Head angle of 67.5

0.5

0 f(x) = 0.0397553516819572 x + 0.013

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.5
f(x) = − 0.693170234454638 x + 0.00600000000000023
-1
Defliction (10^-3)

-1.5

-2

-2.5 Defliction in U
Linear (Defliction in
-3 U)
Defliction in V
-3.5 Linear (Defliction in
V)
-4

Load (N)

Figure 4:Deflection at 67.5 angle

du/dp = -0.6932
dv/dp = 0.0398

Table 5:Experimentally results of head angle 90

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
 0.981 -1.27 0.37
1.962 -1.63 0.59
2.943 -2.08 0.59
3.924 -3.18 0.83
4.905 -3.54 0.94

Head angle of 90
0.5

0
0.5 1 f(x) =1.5
− 0.00305810397553517
2 2.5 3x + 0.023
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.5 f(x) = − 0.766564729867482 x + 0.332
-1
Defliction (10^-3)

-1.5

-2

-2.5 Defliction in U
Linear (Defliction in
-3 U)
Defliction in V
-3.5 Linear (Defliction in
V)
-4

Load (N)

Figure 5:Deflection at 90 angle\

du/dp = -0.7666
dv/dp = -0.0031

Table 6: :Experimentally results of head angle 112.5

 Load Deflection Deflection
(N) in U in V
0.981 -1.03 0.4
1.962 -1.99 0.45
2.943 -3.08 0.62
3.924 -3.06 0.46
4.905 -3.01 0.67

Head angle of 112.5

0
0.5 1 f(x) =1.5 2 2.5
− 0.0387359836901121 x3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

-0.5
f(x) = − 0.670744138634047 x + 0.124

-1
Defliction (10^-3)

-1.5

-2

Defliction in U
-2.5 Linear (Defliction in
U)
Defliction in V
-3 Linear (Defliction in
V)
-3.5

Load (N)

Figure 6 :Deflection at 112.5 angle

du/dp = -0.6707
dv/dp = -0.0387
Table 7:Experimentally results of head angle 135

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
0.981 -0.74 -2.47
1.962 -1.19 -2.35
2.943 -2.26 -2.72
3.924 -3.01 -2.89
4.905 -3.97 -2.86

0
Head angle of 135
0.5 1 f(x) =1.5 2 2.5
− 0.0754332313965341 x3 + 0.00199999999999995
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.5

-1 f(x) = − 0.745158002038736 x − 0.0390000000000001

-1.5
Defliction (10^-3)

-2

-2.5
Defliction in U
-3 Linear (Defliction in
U)
Defliction in V
-3.5 Linear (Defliction in
V)
-4

Load (N)

Figure 7:Deflection at 135 angle

du/dp = -0.7452
dv/dp = -0.0754
Table 8:Experimentally results of head angle 157.5

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
0.981 -2.27 -2.31
1.962 -3.12 -2.37
2.943 111.4 112.14
3.924 -4.07 -2.49
4.905 118.46 120.26

Head angle of 157.5

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
f(x) = − 0.036697247706422 x − 0.078
-0.5

-1 f(x) = − 0.788990825688073 x − 0.11

-1.5
Defliction (10^-3)

-2

-2.5

-3 Defliction in U
Linear (Defliction in
U)
-3.5 Defliction in V
Linear (Defliction in
-4 V)

-4.5

Load (N)

Figure 8:Deflection at 157.5 angle

du/dp = -0.789
dv/dp = -0.0367

Table 9:Experimentally results of head angle 180

Load Deflection Deflection

(N) in U in V
 0.981 82.81 83.98
1.962 117.25 119.43
2.943 -4.16 -1.15
3.924 -5.53 -1.32
4.905 -5.71 -1.38

Head angle of 180

0
0.5 1 f(x) =1.5 2 2.5
− 0.0142711518858308 x3 − 0.016
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-0.5

-1
f(x) = − 0.839959225280326 x − 0.11
-1.5
Defliction (10^-3)

-2

-2.5

-3 Defliction in U
Linear (Defliction in
-3.5 U)
Defliction in V
-4 Linear (Defliction in
V)
-4.5

Load (N)

Figure 9: Deflection at 180 angle

du/dp = -0.84
dv/dp = -0.0143

Mohr’s Circle
 Mohr's Circule
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
-0.95 -0.9 -0.85 -0.8 -0.75 -0.7 -0.65
dv/dp

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

-0.1
du/dp

Figure 10: Mohr’s Circle for du/dp VS dv/dp

3
L3 470
I x= = = 511.7963 m m4
3 E(OC + R) 3∗69∗1 03 (0.8+ 0.18)

3 3
L 470
I y= ¿ =808.968 m m4
3 E (OC−R) 3∗69∗1 03 (0.8−0.18)
Part 2
Theoretically

Figure 11:theoretically part

Table 10:Experimentally and theoretically value

Ix Iy

Experimentally 0.511∗10
−9
0.808∗10
−9

Theoretically 1.37∗10
−9
0.89∗10
−9

Experimental value−Theoretical value

Error % = Theoretical value
× 100 %

0.511∗10−9−1.37∗10−9
Error for I x % = −9
× 100 % =62.7%
1.37∗10

−9 −9
0.808∗10 −0.89∗10
Error for I y% = ×100 % =9.21%
0.89∗10−9

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pictures from Experiment
Figure 12: Digital indicator Figure 13: experiment device

Figure 14: Loading weights Figure 15:U-beam specs

Figure 17: Beam rotating angle

Figure 16: L and U cross section beam
 Figure 18:tester

Discussion

-Depending on the head angle, the cantilever's bending behaviour changes. The
readings from both sensors should be the same at a head angle of 45 degrees,
but according to the registered readings in Table 3, there are errors present.
Listed below are factors that led to calculation errors:
1. The reading might have been unstable because the weight was swinging.
2. To determine the exact value of the deflection between each angle,
accuracy in calibrating the head angle would be important.
3. weight of mass might be wrong ,200g was supposed to used but insted
203g weight were using which caused a significant gap between
theoretical values and experiment results.
-The most important step in correcting these errors is to use the correct weight
during the experiment and to place it in a stable position when taking the
reading. Ensure that all of the sensor are correctly positioned.
-There is an error between theoretical and experimental values for the second
moment of area “I”, these errors may be caused due to human factors or because
of malfunction in the measuring device. The error percentage was acceptable for
the moment of area in the y-direction but it had bigger value for the moment of
area in the x-direction.
-In this experiment Mohr’s circle was used to find the principal second moment
of area values.

Conclusion

1-The principal axes are the main axes of a member that cross each other at the
centroid, or middle, of the region.

2-Unsymmetrical bending of a beam occurs when the major axes of the cross-
section are not parallel to the direction of loading.

3-When the load plane and one of the major axes of the beam cross-section
coincide, the result is symmetrical bending of the beam, also referred to as
uniaxial bending.