Measures

of
Correlation
 Classroom teachers are oftentimes interested in determining the relationship
between two sets of variables. For instance, in determining the relationship of
English and Mathematics subjects taken by the same set of students. The
teacher wants to know whether the relationship of these subjects denotes high,
low or negligible. The degree that describes the relationship between two sets
of variable is known as correlation.
In statistics, this is usually referred to as the coefficient of correlation. It tells
us to what degree two sets of variables are related to each other.
 The measures of correlation are conventionally assigned values
ranging from -1.0 to +1.0.
▪ A value equal to -1.0 means a perfect negative correlation.
▪ A value equal to +1.0 means a perfect positive correlation.
▪ A zero value describes no relation at all.
Perfect Positive Correlation
The case of perfect positive correlation having a value of +1.0 rarely
happens. This denotes that all of the individual performances in X and Y
have the same position. For instance, If he tops in Test X he is likely to
lead in Test Y; and if he is low in X, he is also low in Y. Consider these
data of 14 students in two sets of scores. The pairs of scores are shown
in the table in next slide.
Table 1. Two Sets of Scores in Tests X and Y showing Perfect
Positive Correlation
Students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
X 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
Y 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24

Looking down the rows of scores, each pair made by one individual in Y in seven points higher
than his score in X. The data above could be expressed by using the simple equation,
Y = X + 7. There is no reason that makes the correlation perfect. Figure 1 illustrates the perfect
correlation of a set of scores from the Table 1.
Figure 1. Simple Correlation Chart Showing Perfect Positive
Correlation of Tests X and Y.
Perfect Negative Correlation
The case of perfect negative correlation having a value of -1.0 is also
rarely experimented. The score of the individuals in Test X is an exact
opposite in Test Y. For instance, a student who gets high in Test X is low
in Test Y and one who is low in Test X is high in Test Y. For illustration
purposes, consider the data in Table 2 as graphically presented in
Figure 2.
Table 2. Two Sets of Scores in Tests X and Y showing Perfect
Negative Correlation

Students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
X 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
Y 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7
Figure 2. Simple Correlation Chart Showing Perfect Negative
Correlation of Tests X and Y.
Interpretation of Correlation Value
Spearman Rank
Correlation
Coefficient or
Spearman rho
•
•
 Students X Y D
1 90 70
2 43 31
Example: 3 84 79
Table 3 presents the 4 86 70
Spearman rho between 5 55 43
scores in Statistics (X) and 6 77 70
Research and Evaluation 7 84 75
(Y) subjects taken by 14 8 91 88
college students in a 9 40 31
10 75 70
certain state college.
11 86 80
12 89 75
13 48 30
14 77 43
 Students X Y D
1 90 70 2.0 7.5 -5.5 30.25
2 43 31 13.0 12.5 0.5 0.25
Example: 3 84 79 6.5 3.0 3.5 12.25
Table 3 presents the 4 86 70 4.5 7.5 -3.0 9.00
Spearman rho between 5 55 43 11.0 10.5 0.5 0.25
scores in Statistics (X) and 6 77 70 8.5 7.5 1.0 1.00
Research and Evaluation 7 84 75 6.5 4.5 2.0 4.00
(Y) subjects taken by 14 8 91 88 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.00
college students in a 9 40 31 14.0 12.5 1.5 2.25
10 75 70 10.0 7.5 2.5 6.25
certain state college.
11 86 80 4.5 2.0 2.5 6.25
12 89 75 3.0 4.5 -1.5 2.25
13 48 30 12.0 14.0 -2.0 4.00
14 77 43 8.5 10.5 -2.0 4.00
 30.25
Solution: 0.25
12.25
9.00
0.25
1.00
4.00
0.00
2.25
6.25
6.25
2.25
4.00
4.00
Interpretation:
The Spearman rho value obtained is 0.82 which denotes high relationship. Thus,
the students who got high score in Statistics also got high score in Research and
Evaluation and those who go low score in statistics also got low score in Research and
Evaluation.
 Pearson
Product-Moment
Correlation
Coefficient
•
•
Example: Students X Y XY
1 45 90 2025 8100 4050
Consider the set of
2 32 82 1024 624 2624
scores in Current Trends
3 50 91 2500 8281 4550
and Techniques of 4 22 73 484 5329 1606
Teaching (X) and 5 20 60 400 3600 1200
Measurement and 6 21 59 441 3481 1239
Evaluation (Y) taken by 10 7 48 90 2304 8100 4320
BSE students in a certain 8 10 40 100 1600 400
state college as shown in 9 35 80 1225 6400 2800
Table 4. 10 51 91 2601 8281 4641
Total
 Total

Solution:
•
Activity: Students X Y
1 25 30
Directions: Find the Spearman 2 42 53
rho and Pearson Product-Moment 3 18 21
4 30 30
Correlation Coefficient of the 5 54 53
Table 5 which shows the scores 6 27 29
of English first year on their 7 55 60
8 48 42
Mathematics test (X) and English 9 27 31
Test (Y). 10 58 60
11 57 72
12 32 31
13 44 50
14 28 29
15 60 73
Agreement: Mudcrab X (Kg) Y (m)

Directions: Find the Spearman 1 0.12 0.23

rho and Pearson Product-Moment 2 0.25 0.31
Correlation Coefficient of the 3 0.53 0.42
Weight (X) and Length (Y) of 4 0.57 0.51
Mudcrab (Alimango) Cultured at 5 1.00 0.61
the backyard fishpond Using 6 0.75 0.53
bread meal as supplemental food. 7 0.32 0.35
8 0.44 0.42
9 0.81 0.55
10 0.98 0.61
THANK YOU!