mo bio [33 marks]

1a. Outline the structure of proteins. [3 marks]

Markscheme
a. protein formed from amino acids
OR
20 different amino acids ✔
b. linked together by peptide bonds ✔
c. may consist of one or more polypeptides linked together ✔
d. have a specific shape/conformation/folding ✔
e. shape determines function ✔

1b. Outline the range of functions of proteins in cells. [5 marks]

Markscheme
a. enzymes that catalyse/speed up/control (the rate and direction of)
metabolic reactions ✔
b. proteins can be hormones which are chemical messengers to cells ✔
c. proteins that transport through the membrane such as
channel/carrier/pumps / that regulate what enters/leaves the cell ✔
d. hemoglobin in red blood cells that transports/ binds oxygen ✔
e. membrane proteins for cell/tissue recognition/cell adhesion/communication
✔
f. structural elements of muscle fibre/actin/myosin for movement
OR
spindle fibres move chromosomes ✔
g. histones condense DNA into chromosomes ✔
The question requires answer that the function is in cells .
2. What are the type of reaction and the product(s) shown in this reaction? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B

Life is based on carbon compounds.

3. Draw a molecular diagram of alpha-D-glucose. [3 marks]

 Markscheme
a. hexagonal ring structure with O at one point (between C1 and C5);
b. correct orientation of OH groups (on carbons 1 to 4); Hydrogens not
required
c. CH2OH group shown on fifth carbon with correct orientation;
OR
d. 6 carbon chain with oxygen on first C;
e. H and OH groups correctly orientated;
Carbons do not need to be numbered.
Allow boat or chair diagrams.

Allow [2 max] if linear structure drawn.

Proteins are an important group of chemicals found in all living organisms.

4. Draw a molecular diagram to show the formation of a peptide bond. [3 marks]

 Markscheme
a. two amino acids correctly drawn;
b. removal/production of H2O molecule shown;
c. peptide bond labelled between C of C=O and N of N-H;

Accept specific examples of amino acids correctly drawn for example glycine
with H instead of R.
mpc can be awarded if the peptide bond is shown as in the dipeptide diagram
but there are errors elsewhere.

5. In which processes are macromolecules broken down into monomers? [1 mark]

A. Anabolism and catabolism
B. Catabolism and hydrolysis
C. Hydrolysis and reduction
D. Reduction and anabolism

Markscheme
B

6a. Outline four types of membrane transport, including their use of energy. [4 marks]
 Markscheme
a. simple diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a
concentration gradient ✔
b. facilitated diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a
concentration gradient through a protein channel «without use of energy» ✔
c. osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane from lower solute
concentration to higher ✔ OWTTE
d. active transport is movement of molecules/ions against the concentration
gradient«through membrane pumps» with the use of ATP/energy ✔ Active transport
requires mention of the use of energy.

e. endocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to bring

molecules into cell with use of energy
OR
exocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to release
molecules from cell with use of energy ✔
f. chemiosmosis occurs when protons diffuse through ATP synthase «in
membrane» to produce ATP ✔
The description of each type of transport should include the name and brief
description.
mpa, mpb and mpc require reference to concentration.

6b. Draw the structure of a dipeptide. [3 marks]

Markscheme
a. two amino acids, one with NH 2/NH3+end and one with COOH/COO– end ✔
b. peptide bond between C=0 and N—H correctly drawn ✔
c. «chiral» C with H and R group on each amino acid ✔
d. peptide bond labelled/clearly indicated between C terminal of one amino
acid and N terminal of the second amino acid ✔

Labels not required for amino group and carboxyl group.

7. What feature of carbon makes it most suitable as a basis for life? [1 mark]
A. Its abundance in nature
B. Its bonding properties
C. Its reactivity to light
D. Its presence in the early atmosphere of the Earth

Markscheme
B

8. State one disaccharide and the two monomers from which it can be [2 marks]
synthesized.
Disaccharide:
1:
Monomers:
1:
and 2:

Markscheme
a. disaccharide name
eg: lactose, glucose and galactose
b. both monomers that make up mpa
eg: maltose, glucose and glucose
eg: sucrose, glucose and fructose
9. Which molecule diagram corresponds to the name? [1 mark]

Markscheme
B
10. What characteristic shows that this steroid molecule is a lipid? [1 mark]

A. It is made of carbon rings.

B. It has a very low proportion of oxygen to carbon.
C. It contains OH groups as do fatty acids.
D. It is made only of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.

Markscheme
B

11. Draw molecular diagrams to show the condensation reaction between [4 marks]
two amino acids to form a dipeptide.

Markscheme
a. each amino acid with a COO–/COOH group at one end AND a NH2/NH3+ at
the other
Both needed.
mp a requires the double bond to be shown between the C and O.

b. CH in middle with H or R group attached

c. peptide bond correctly drawn between N and C=0
d. COO–/COOH group at one end of dipeptide AND NH2/NH3+ at other end
Both needed.
e. loss of water
 12. Define metabolism. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(the web of all) the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell/organism
OR
the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions (consisting of catabolic and
anabolic pathways which manage the material and energy resources of the
cell)

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