AREAS TO RESEARCH ABOUT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

 Carbohydrates
 Proteins- structure, properties and function, formation of
proteins from amino acids, types of proteins (fibrous
proteins and globular proteins, conjugated proteins)
 Lipids – formation of ester bonds (synthesis of
triglycerides), difference between saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids.
 Mammalian transport system- Need for transport system in
multicellular animals, circulation systems
 Components of blood and their function.
 Transport of oxygen of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
 The Bohr effect
 Fetal haemoglobin
1. Many animals have a heart and circulatory system.
(a) Five litres of blood can pass through a human heart each minute.
Calculate the volume of blood that passes through this heart in 24 hours.
Give your answer in standard form. (2)

5*60*60=18000
18000*24=432000 in standard form is 4.32x10^05

Answer =4.32x10^05 litres

(b) Blood leaves the heart through the arteries. Compare and contrast the
structure of the aorta with the structure of the pulmonary artery.
The aorta has a thick wall around it as the blood pressure is high inside
while the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery is lower. The aorta
and pulmonary artery are located close to each other. The aorta is
located at the top of the heart, while the pulmonary artery is located
beneath it.

(2)
2. (a) identify the building blocks of protein
Amino acids
b) identify the constituent elements that make up proteins. (2)
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
3. The role of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
The diagram shows the structure of adult haemoglobin
 P

(a) (i) State the role of the structure labelled P.

The Heme group gives myoglobin and hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen
because of the presence of iron atom
(1)
(ii) Explain the properties of amino acids located on the outer surface of the
haemoglobin, for example at position Q.
They are used to transport oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues
and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

(2)

(b) The graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal haemoglobin.
fetal haemoglobin

Percentage saturation of adult haemoglobin

haemoglobin with oxygen (%)
 Partial pressure of oxygen / kPa

(i) Explain why the oxygen dissociation curve of adult haemoglobin is different from
that of fetal haemoglobin.
Fetal Haemoglobin is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human
fetus. Fetal hemoglobin binds to oxygen more strongly than adult
hemoglobin, enabling the transfer of oxygen from mother to fetus
prenatally

(2)

4. The structure of adult and fetal haemoglobin are different. The diagram below shows the
structure of adult and fetal haemoglobin.

The table below shows the number of amino acids in each type of chain.
Type of chain Number of Amino acids
α 141
β 146
γ 146
The amino acids in the α chains are the same in the adult and fetal haemoglobin. The β and γ
chains in 39 of their amino acids.
Calculate the percentage of amino acids that are different in adult and fetal haemoglobin (2)
5. The diagram below shows the formation of proteins from amino acids
a. identify the processes represented by letters W and X
W= Hydrolysis
X=Condensation Reaction
(2)
b. What name is given to the bond that joins the two amino acids?
peptide bond (1)
c. Name the three bonds that exist between amino acids in the chain to form the 3D structure of
the protein.
Hydrogen bond
 Ionic Bonds
Disulfide Bridges

(3)
6. Explain how triglycerides are formed.
Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and
three molecules of fatty acid. A condensation reaction between glycerol and a
fatty acid (RCOOH) forms an ester bond. A hydrogen atom on the glycerol
molecule bonds to a hydroxyl group in the fatty acid, releasing a molecule of
water (4)
State the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms and
in unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.

(2)
7. Human’s store energy as glycogen.
(a) (i) Which is the correct statement about the formation of glycogen?
(1)
   A    α glucose molecules join together by a condensation reaction
   B    α glucose molecules join together by a hydrolysis reaction
   C    β glucose molecules join together by a condensation reaction
   D    β glucose molecules join together by a hydrolysis reaction

(ii)  Name the bond that joins two glucose molecules together.

Hydrogen Bond
(1)
(iii)  Explain how the structure of glycogen relates to its role as an energy storage molecule.
(3)
Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose monomers which are a
respiritory substrate involved in the production of energy (ATP). 1-6 glycosidic
bonds between glucose allow glycogen to be branched. Glycosidic bonds
between glucose molecules are hydrolised to release glucose molecules for
respiration.

8. The structure and properties of the cell membrane are important in controlling which
molecules can enter and leave a cell.
(a)  The photograph shows part of a cell membrane, as seen using an electron microscope.

The width of this cell membrane is 5.00 nm.

 A phosphate head of a phospholipid is between 0.8 and 0.9 nm in diameter and the fatty acid
tails are between 1.25 and 1.75 nm long.
Explain how this electron micrograph provides evidence for the structure of the cell
membrane.
Use the information given to support your answer.
It helps us to view all the tiny particles that are present in the cell membrane and provided
us a clear view of how that cell membrane looks and how this electron micrograph helps us
to see clearer the structure of the cell membrane (3)
(b)  Cell membranes contain cholesterol.
The molecular formula of cholesterol is C27H46O.
The diagram shows a cholesterol molecule.

Explain the location of cholesterol in cell membranes.

Use the information in the diagram to support your answer.

It is found alongside phospholipids in the core of the membrane because of

the presence of hydrocarbon tail and hydrocarbon rings
(3)
(c)  The diagram shows the permeability of cell membranes to some chemicals.

The sodium and chloride ions, glucose and water are polar chemicals.
A steroid is a non-polar chemic

al.
(i) Describe the dipolar nature of water.
In this process Oxygen attracts electrons much more strongly than does hydrogen,
resulting in a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative
charge on the oxygen atom. The presence of such a charge on each of these atoms gives
 a water molecule a net dipole moment.

(2)
(ii)  Explain the permeability of cell membranes to each chemical shown in the diagram.
The permeability of the cell membrane increases for sodium and chloride ions because they
contain a dipole and because it is far and the permeability for glucose, steroid and water
increases but remains at the same level due to because they are close together

(4)