Particle Dynamics

Two concepts of dynamics: Force and Mass

Force is a concept that gives us a quantitative
description between two bodies or between a body
and its environment. It is a vector quantity ,
therefore it has magnitude and direction
Classification of forces:
1. Contact forces – applied forces( push and pull) and friction
2. Long range force – gravitational force of attraction that
the earth exerts on a body
Observation regarding friction:
1.) parallel to the surface in contact
2.) independent on the surface area of contact
3.) independent on relative velocity
4.) dependent upon the nature of contact substances and
5. directly proportional to the net force acting
perpendicular to the surfaces or mathematically
f ∝ 𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡
f = 𝜇 𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡
coefficient of friction (𝜇) is constant

𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡 = σ 𝐹|| motion

Agreement in the application of Σ
F is positive if pressing the object towards the other
F is negative if otherwise
CLASSIFICATION OF FRICTION :
1.Kinetic friction –friction that acts when the body slides over
a surface.
𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 N
2. Static friction - friction that acts when there is no relative
motion.
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 N
With these ideas of friction, we can now study the laws that
govern the interaction between two bodies called the
Newton’s law of motion.
Newton’s First Law “ states that a body will remain at rest
or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by
an external force. (Law of Inertia)
note: A body acted on no net force remains in it’s state of
rest or constant velocity and zero acceleration

Newton’s Second Law “ whenever a net force acts on a

body , it produces an acceleration in the direction of the
net force , an acceleration that is directly proportional to
the net force and inversely proportional to the body’s
mass.
 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
a ∝ ; a=K But K = 1
𝑚 𝑚

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ma where : 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = σ 𝐹|| motion

σ 𝐹|| motion = ma
Agreement on the application of Σ
F is (+) if in the direction of the motion
F is (-) if opposite to motion
Relationship Between Mass and Weight
For free falling body.
The force acting on the body is its weight which
produces acceleration due to gravity.
σ 𝐹|| motion = ma
Σ 𝐹𝑣 motion = ma
W = mg W g
h
 Units of Measurements

Systemg m a F or W
cgs g cm /𝑠 2 g cm /𝑠 2 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
mks kg m / 𝑠2 kg m / 𝑠 2 = Newton

fss slug Ft / 𝑠 2 slug ft / 𝑠 2 = lb

Ex.1 A chair is sliding floor with an initial speed

of 3m/s. It comes to rest after sliding 2 seconds.
What is the coefficient of friction?
 𝑚
Given : 𝑣𝑖 = 3 𝑣𝑓 = 0𝑚/𝑠 t=2s
𝑠
Required : 𝜇 =?
Solution :
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
0 m/s = 3 m/s + a ( 2s)
a = - 1.5 m/𝑠 2
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ma ; 0 – f = ma ; - f = ma
− 𝜇 𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ma ; − 𝜇 mg = ma
- 𝜇 = a/g ; 𝜇 = - (-a/g) = - ( -1.5 /9.8) = 0.153
Ex.2 The coefficient of friction between the tires of the car
and the road are 𝜇𝑠 = 0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑘 = 0.5

a.) If the resultant force on the car is the force of static

friction exerted by the road , what is the maximum
acceleration of the car?
b.) What is the least distance in which the car can stop if it is
initially traveling at 30m/s?
Solution: N
∆x
C C
V V
V V
C C
C C f
V
W V

𝑣𝑖 = 30 m/s 𝑣𝑓 = 0 m/s 𝑓𝑠 =0.6 N

a.) 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ma
0 - 𝑓𝑠 = ma
0 – 0.6 N = ( W/g) a
- 0.6 W = (W/g) a
- 0.6 (9.8 m/𝑠 2 ) = a ; a = - 5.58 m/ 𝑠 2
b.) 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 𝑎∆𝑥
𝑚 2
0m/s = (30 ) + 2( -5.88 m /𝑠 2 ) ∆𝑥
𝑠
∆𝑥 = 76.53 m

Ex. 3 A 32 kg block is pushed up a 30⁰ inclined plane

by a horizontal force of 500 N the coefficient of sliding
friction is 0.25. find the acceleration of the block.
 W ll
𝑊⊥ W
30⁰

F= 500N
𝐹⊥ 30⁰
F ll f
30⁰
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ma
Fll – WII –f = ma

Fll = F cos 30⁰ = 500 N ( 0.866) = 433 N

Wll = W sin 30⁰ = 32 kg ( 9.8 m/𝑠 2 ) ( 0.5) = 156.8 N

𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡= W⊥ +𝐹 ⊥
= (32 kg) ( 9.8 m/𝑠 2 ) cos 30⁰ + 500 N (sin 30⁰ )
𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 521.59 N
f = µ 𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ( 0.25) ( 521.59N) = 130.39 N
Fll – Wll – f = ma
f = µ 𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ( 0.25) ( 521.59N) = 130.39 N

Fll – Wll – f = ma
433N – 156.8N – 130.39N = 32 kg (a)
145.81 N = 32 kg (a)
a = 4.557 m/𝑠 2