ST.

ORDOÑEZ HERNANDEZ JOHAN

RESUME
any grid of transport integrated needs to a infrastructure of bridges to move the traffic a
through of multiple intersections. The roads, a the that we call imdetpass , may to be
artificial (others roads, pathways iron, channels) either natural (aqueducts, channels). So
simple What may look in East moment, should reflect the big amount of bridges that use Y
keep different organizations in everything the world. Is very amazing, of done, when a road
either a road very long I know may travel since the beginning until the final without meet no
obstacle that must overcome. There are more of 590,000 buildings only in the state
Joined.

For the design of bridges, a civil engineer must take into account and be careful with;
design of roads to fight Steps elevated Y underground Y geometry. Design of items of
superstructure Y substructure. engineering-design geological of foundations columnar Y
columnar. Engineering hydraulics of bridges of vain straight Y stretches of bridges. Lifting
Y Map of flat Y precision of place proposed.

figure 1.2

Without embargo, even with the reduction of the considerations of engineering, the bridge
modern go on being a Project Awesome due a the beauty simple of his design Y the ease
with the that his system may to be understood for a beginner either with experience in
bridges. A tool Useful to realize a tracing. The engineers of bridges is it so constantly
exposed a the bridges of highway a extent that pass for parts of our system of transport.
To the watch the different shapes of the objects, the reader will understand better the
different components used in the building of bridge Y will get a comprehension clear of the
structure physical Y the function of design.
ST. ORDOÑEZ HERNANDEZ JOHAN
RESUME
In 1856 steel became practical as a structural material, thanks to Henry Bessemet , an
English inventor who created a special converter that greatly reduced the cost of steel
production and almost a quarter of a century later steel became popular as structural
material.

In 1950, explosions occurred in a large number of highway bridges that were designed and
built in that country. In 2003, 27% of the bridges were considered structurally obsolete,
which forced them to be replaced.

As is the case with any profession, bridge engineering has its own terminology, Figure 1.2
shows a typical slab-on-chord structure carrying a highway over another highway, this
bridge segment is defined as a support-to-support bridge segment. .

The superstructure comprises all the components of a bridge on supports as shown in

figure 1.3.

The wear of field is it opposite to the wear of traffic. In some of are situations a part of
material bituminous, Y in Some cases form a part important of concrete. For it general, the
cap base in the surface is of 1/2 a 2 inches (13 a 51 mm). The thickness of coating
bituminous usually to be of 2 a 4 inches (51 a 102 mm).

Lateral bracing is a type of element secondary used to resist the deformation side caused
for loads that act parallel to the axis longitudinal of bridge. The Energy wind is a example
of East type of load. In the bridges of metal horizontal I know fold, What I know sample in
the picture. 1.4, the brakes lateral improve the ability of the superstructure to resist the
torsion (is say, the torsion around of axis longitudinal of bridge). Is rigidity torsional
simulate the behaviour of a superstructure of beam drawer (watch section 3.1.1, section
4). Also of are advantages natural, the bracing side too simplifies the process of building to
ST. ORDOÑEZ HERNANDEZ JOHAN
RESUME
the allow that the boards I know unite before of ride them and install them. in big part
replacing the resurfacing of easels that I know produces during the life Useful of bridge.

Deck. The deck is the physical extension of the roadway through the obstruction to be
cleared. In this example, the deck is a reinforced concrete slab. In an orthotropic bridge ,

the platform is a rigid steel plate.

Main members. Primary members distribute loads longitudinally and are generally
designed primarily to resist bending and shear.

The members primaries of type beam What East too I know they name stringers either
beams teachers. These stringers may to be stringers of steel of to the wide, beams of
license plate of steel (is say, plates of steel welded Come in Yeah to to form a section in
YO), concrete prestressed, wood laminated glued either some other type of beam. In place
of that the slab rest directly upon the member principal, I know may place a little fillet either
cartouche Come in the slab of the platform Y the to the higher of crossbar. The function
principal of the cartouche is To adjust the geometry Come in the stringer Y the platform
finished. Too is possible that the superstructure of bridge have the form of a cash register
(Already be rectangular either trapezoidal). The bridges of beams drawer may be facts of
steel either of concrete prestressed Y I know use in situations where I know require lights
long, So What bridges of curvature straight.

Abutments come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the specific application.
ST. ORDOÑEZ HERNANDEZ JOHAN
RESUME
Secondary members are bracing between primary members designed to resist
deformation of the superstructure frame cross section and help distribute part of the
vertical load between the stringers.

The substructure consists of all the elements necessary to support the superstructure and
the causeway of the overpass. In Figure 1.2, they would be items 3 through 6.

Abutments are earth retaining structures that support the superstructure and flyover
roadway at the beginning and end of a bridge. Like a retaining wall, the abutments resist
the longitudinal forces of the earth.

The pillars are structures that support the superstructure at intermediate points between
the extreme supports (abutments).

Bearings are mechanical systems that transmit vertical and horizontal loads from the
superstructure to the substructure and adapt to movements between the superstructure
and the substructure.

A pedestal is a short column on an abutment or pillar below a support that directly

supports a main element of a superstructure.

A back wall, sometimes called a stem, is the main component of the abutment that acts as
a retention structure at each approach.

Wingwall is a side wall to the back wall or stem of the pillar designed to help confine the
soil behind the pillar. In many structures, the side walls are designed quite conservatively,
which leads to a rather large size.
ST. ORDOÑEZ HERNANDEZ JOHAN
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Just as supports transfer loads from the superstructure to the substructure, abutments and
pier footings, in turn, transfer loads from the substructure to the subsoil or piles. A footing
supported by soil without piles.

When the soil below a footing cannot provide adequate support for the substructure (in
terms of bearing capacity, overall stability, or settlement), support is obtained through the
use of piles, which extend downward from the footing to a stronger soil layer or to bedrock.

V ertical planks that are driven into the ground to act as temporary retaining walls that allow
for excavation are known as sheets.

The slope that tapers from the abutment to the underpass (embankment) is covered with a
material called slope protection, which must be aesthetically pleasing and provide
adequate drainage and erosion control.

THE ARCH DESIGN

The highest point of an arch is known as the crown. In a through arch, the vertical cables
from which the deck is suspended are called hangers. On deck arches, such as the one
shown in the Bridge Engineering Lexicon (Section 1.4), the area between the bridge deck
and the arch is known as the parapet. Deck arch bridges with open areas between the
supporting columns are known as open spandrel arches, while those that are solid
between the arch and deck are called full spandrel arches.

TRUSS BRIDGES were the most popular type of

bridge a century ago. Due to their high construction and maintenance costs, and also due to the
lack of structural redundancy, very few truss bridges have been built in the last 50 years.
ST. ORDOÑEZ HERNANDEZ JOHAN
RESUME