Quantitative

Management Techniques

By
BRYAN LLOYD C. PALLEGA,REE
IIEE ZAMBASULTA BOD
What is PERT and CPM?

 PERT is an acronym for Program (Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, in

which planning, scheduling, organizing, coordinating and controlling uncertain
activities take place. The technique studies and represents the tasks
undertaken to complete a project, to identify the least time for completing a
task and the minimum time required to complete the whole project. It was
developed in the late 1950s. It is aimed to reduce the time and cost of the
project
 PERT uses time as a variable which represents the planned resource
application along with performance specification. In this technique, first of
all, the project is divided into activities and events. After that proper
sequence is ascertained, and a network is constructed. After that time
needed in each activity is calculated and the critical path (longest path
connecting all the events) is determined.
What is PERT and CPM?

 Developed in the late 1950s, Critical Path Method or CPM is an algorithm used
for planning, scheduling, coordination and control of activities in a project.
Here, it is assumed that the activity duration is fixed and certain. CPM is used
to compute the earliest and latest possible start time for each activity.

 The process differentiates the critical and non-critical activities to reduce the
time and avoid the queue generation in the process. The reason for the
identification of critical activities is that, if any activity is delayed, it will
cause the whole process to suffer. That is why it is named as Critical Path
Method.
Project Scheduling

 Construct a Project network

 Perform forward and backward passes
 Determine project completion time
 Calculate Slack Values
 State the Critical path
Construct a PERT/CPM of a project
 Construct a PERT/CPM for a commercial building electrical power system
installation as shown.
 Note: All overhead conduits shall be hangered.
Listing of the activities
ITEM DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY

A CONCRETE LAYOUT(CIVIL WORKS)

B CONDUIT LAYOUT

C WIRING LAYOUT

D PANEL BOARD LAYOUT

E CEILING LAYOUT(CIVIL WORKS)

F FIXTURE LAYOUT (LIGHTING)

G CONCRETE FINISH

H FIXTURE LAYOUT (OUTLET)

I TESTING
J TURN OVER
Activity A B C D E F G H I J
IMMEDIATE PREDECESSORS -- A B A A C,E A C,G D,F,H I
EXPECTED TIME(WEEKS) 5 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 0.1

E F
START A B C I J FINISH
G H
D
 Activity A B C D E F G H I J
IMMEDIATE PREDECESSORS -- A B A A C,E A C,G D,F,H I
EXPECTED TIME(WEEKS) 5 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 0.1

FORWARD PASS
E 5 7 F 8 11
2 3
12.1
I 11 12 J 12 12.1
START A 0 5 B 5 6 C 6 8
1 0.1 FINISH
5 1 2

G 5 8 H 8 9
3 1
A ES EF
t LS LF D 5 6
1

EF = ES+t
 Activity A B C D E F G H I J
IMMEDIATE PREDECESSORS -- A B A A C,E A C,G D,F,H I
EXPECTED TIME(WEEKS) 5 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 0.1

BACKWARD PASS
E 5 7 F 8 11
2 6 8 3 8 11
12.1
I 11 12 J 12 12.1
START A 0 5 B 5 6 C 6 8
1 11 12 0.1
12 12.1
FINISH
5 0 5 1 5 6 2 6 8

G 5 8 H 8 9
3 7 10 1 10 11
A ES EF
t LS LF D 5 6
1 10 11

LS = LF-t
 Activity A B C D E F G H I J
IMMEDIATE PREDECESSORS -- A B A A C,E A C,G D,F,H I
EXPECTED TIME(WEEKS) 5 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 0.1

Slack=2 Slack=0

E 5 7 F 8 11
Slack=0 2 6 8 3 8 11 Slack=0 Slack=0
Slack=0
12.1
I 11 12 J 12 12.1
START A 0 5 B 5 6 C 6 8
Slack=0 1 11 12 0.1
12 12.1
FINISH
5 0 5 1 5 6 2 6 8 Slack=2

G 5 8 H 8 9
3 7 10 1 10 11
A ES EF
t LS LF Slack=2
D 5 6
1 10 11

Slack = LS-ES or LF-EF Slack=5

 Activity A B C D E F G H I J
IMMEDIATE PREDECESSORS -- A B A A C,E A C,G D,F,H I
EXPECTED TIME(WEEKS) 5 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 0.1

Slack=2 Slack=0
E 5 7 F 8 11
2 6 8 3 8 11
Slack=0 Slack=0
Slack=0 Slack=0 Slack=0 12.1
I 11 12 J 12 12.1
START A 0 5 B 5 6 C 6 8
1 11 12 0.1
12 12.1
FINISH
5 0 5 1 5 6 2 6 8
Slack=2
Slack=2
G 5 8 H 8 9
3 7 10 1 10 11
A ES EF
t LS LF D 5 6
1 10 11
Slack = 0, is called critical activity Slack=5
 Activity A B C D E F G H I J
IMMEDIATE PREDECESSORS -- A B A A C,E A C,G D,F,H I
EXPECTED TIME(WEEKS) 5 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 0.1

Slack=2 Slack=0
E 5 7 F 8 11
2 6 8 3 8 11
Slack=0 Slack=0
Slack=0 Slack=0 Slack=0 12.1
I 11 12 J 12 12.1
START A 0 5 B 5 6 C 6 8
1 11 12 0.1
12 12.1
FINISH
5 0 5 1 5 6 2 6 8
Slack=2
Slack=2
G 5 8 H 8 9
3 7 10 1 10 11
A ES EF
t LS LF D 5 6
1 10 11
Critical path is A,B,C,I and J Slack=5
 Slack=1 Slack=0
E 5 7 F 8 11
2 6 8 3 8 11
Slack=0 Slack=0
Slack=0 Slack=0 Slack=0
I 11 12 J 12 12.1
A 0 5 B 5 6 C 6 8
0.1
0 5 1 11 12 12 12.1
5 1 5 6 2 6 8
Slack=2 Slack=2
G 5 8 H 8 9
3 7 10 1 10 11
ACTIVITY DURATION

ALLOWABLE SLACK DURATION D 5 6

1 10 11
GANT CHART WITH BAR GRAPHS Slack=5
ACTIVITY A
ACTIVITY B
ACTIVITY C
ACTIVITY D
ACTIVITY E
ACTIVITY F
ACTIVITY G
ACTIVITY H
ACTIVITY I
ACTIVITY J

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12.1
 FINANCIAL FLOW
PERSONNEL REQUIRED
ACTIVITY RME/REE/PEE SKILLED HELPER DURATION
(SUPERVISION) ELECTRICIAN
A N/A N/A N/A 5
B 1 3 2 1
C 1 3 2 2
D 1 3 2 1
E N/A N/A N/A 2
F 1 2 2 3
G N/A N/A N/A 3
H 1 1 1 1
I 1 1 1 1
J 1 1 1 .10
Personnel Salary
Personnel Daily Salary
Licensed Electrical Supervisor (PEE/REE/RME) 800
Electrician 500
Laborer/Helper 350
ACTIVITY RME/REE/PEE SKILLED HELPER DURATION Cost
(SUPERVISION) ELECTRICIAN (WEEK)
A N/A N/A N/A 5
B 800 1500 700 1 21,000.00
C 800 1500 700 2 42,000.00
D 800 1500 700 1 21,000.00
E N/A N/A N/A 2
F 800 1000 700 3 52,500.00
G N/A N/A N/A 3
H 800 500 350 1 11,550.00
I 800 500 350 1 11,550.00
J 800 500 350 0.10 1,155.00
S-Curve
%WA=Cumulative Sum of Weekly Accomplishments
%WA=∑ %𝑊𝑊 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
%WA7=13.06% + 26.13% = 39.13%

WEIGHTED
ITEM PARTICULAR AMOUNT WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10 WEEK 11 WEEK 12 WEEK 13
PERCENTAGE

1 Activity A ₱ - 0
2 Activity B ₱ 21,000.00 13.06% 13.06%
3 Activity C ₱ 42,000.00 26.13% 13.06% 13.06%
4 Activity D ₱ 21,000.00 13.06% 13.06%
5 Activity E ₱ - 0.00%
6 Activity F ₱ 52,500.00 32.66% 10.89% 10.89% 10.89%
7 Activity G ₱ - 0.00%
8 Activity H ₱ 11,550.00 7.18% 7.18%
9 Activity I ₱ 11,550.00 7.18% 7.18%
9 Activity J ₱ 1,155.00 0.72% 0.72%
TOTAL AMOUNT ₱ 160,755.00 100.00% 0 0 0 0 0 26.13% 39.19% 52.25% 70.32% 81.21% 92.10% 99.28% 100.00%
WEEKLY BILLING
WEEK 1 = PHP 0.00
WEEK 2 = PHP 0.00
WEEK 3 = PHP 0.00
WEEK 4 = PHP 0.00
WEEK 5 = PHP 0.00
WEEK 6 = PHP 42,000.00
WEEK 7 = PHP 21,000.00
WEEK 8 = PHP 21,000.00
WEEK 9 = PHP 29,050.00
WEEK 10 = PHP 17,500.00
WEEK 11 = PHP 17,500.00
WEEK 12= PHP 11,550.00
WEEK 13= PHP 1,155.00
TOTAL COST PHP 160,755.00
Construction Methodology
Construction Methodology refers to the planned method of
construction, taking into account all contractual and legal
requirements, construction constraints, risks, and
opportunities.
 Example
Chapter 1. Project Description
This chapter describes the construction methodology of the Electrical power system
installation of a 420sqm two-story bank located at XXXX st., Brgy xxxx, Zamboanga City.

Chapter 2. Scope of work

The construction and installation of electrical equipment shall be the following:
1. Installation of Electrical Conduits.
2. Installation of Electrical Conductors as prescribed per plan.
3. Installation of Electrical Panel Board -1
4. Installation of Electrical Panel Board -2
5. Installation of Electrical Fixtures(i.e., switches, convenience outlets, air-
conditioning outlets, lighting fixtures, safety switches, main circuit breakers with
metal enclosures, grounding systems,
6. Installation of Distribution Transformer and pole line materials.
7. Concrete chipping for conduit installation, switches, convenience outlets, and panel
boards.
8. Concrete boring for conduit passage.
9. Pouring of concrete finish on the chipped concrete.
 Example
Chapter 2. Scope of work
10. Pouring of concrete finish on the chipped concrete for conduit
layout.
11. Testing of Installed electrical materials. (i.e., Insulation Resistance
Test, Ground resistance test, and functionality test.
12. All additional materials to be added not included in the bill of
materials shall be billed separately.

Chapter 3. Schedule of working periods.

1. Working time shall be from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM with a 1-hour

noontime break, 15mins break in the morning, and another 15 mins
in the afternoon.
2. Working period shall be from Monday to Saturday per week.
3. Works done above the stated period shall be requested as overtime
to the project manager.
4. All works shall be done on a single shift per day.
 Example
Chapter 4. Equipment Requirement
1. All power tools shall be serviced via 230V(±5%), 60Hz, supply line.
2. Extension Chords and protection devices shall be supplied by the
electrical contractor.
3. All power tools shall be supplied by the electrical contractor.
Chapter 5. Equipment Required
Activity Equipment Description Quantity Dur.
Activity A 5
Activity B Chipping Hammer/ Grinder/ Drill/ BET/Ladder 1/2/2/1ea/2 1
Activity C Basic Electrician Tools(BET) /Ladder 1each/2 2
Activity D Chipping Hammer/ Grinder/ Drill/ BET/Ladder 1/1/1/1ea/2 1
Activity E 2
Activity F Grinder/ Drill/BET/Ladder 1/1/1ea/2 3
Activity G 3
Activity H Grinder/ Drill/BET/Ladder 1/1/1ea 1
Activity I BET/ IRT/GRT/Ladder 1ea/1/1/1 1
Activity J BET/ IRT/GRT/Ladder 1ea/1/1/1 0.10
Example
Chapter 7. Construction Safety
1. Contractor shall assign a certified construction safety officer
(with COSH certificate)
2. All workers on site shall wear proper PPE (i.e., Hard Hat, safety vest,
wire harness, safety gloves, safety shoes, and protection glasses.
3. Emergency medical kit shall be provided by the electrical
contractor.
 Organizational Chart

Engr Bryan Lloyd C. Pallega Engr Bryan Lloyd C. Pallega

Electrical Supervisor Safety Officer 2

John Lloyd Cruz Steven Wolfe Alden Richards

Electrician I Electrician I Electrician I

Shaina Magdayao Mia Khalifa

Electrician Helper Electrician Helper
Contingency
What is a Contingency? A contingency is a potential
occurrence of a negative event in the future, such as an
economic recession, natural disaster, fraudulent activity,
terrorist attack, or pandemic.

Source: DPWH DO 197 Series of 2016

 End of the Technical Seminar

“ Don’t stop when you’re tired, just stop

when you’re done.”

- J. Sins

Any questions ?